Risk factor analysis associated with Theileria equi infected equines in semi-arid and sub-humid ecological enzootic zones of India

Background Equine piroplasmosis (EP) is a tick-borne hemoprotozoan disease of equids, caused by Theileria equi and Babesia caballi. Equine piroplasmosis represents a serious challenge to the equine industry due to important economic losses worldwide. The present study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi infections in equids from Jilin Province, China. Methods A total of 220 blood samples (192 horses and 28 donkeys/mules) were collected from March 2018 to October 2019 in five districts of Jilin Province and analyzed by PCR. Potential risk factors, including the region, sex, management, and host species of the animals were assessed in relation to T. equi infection. Moreover, the V4 hypervariable region of the T. equi 18S rRNA gene was analyzed to identify specific genotypes. Results The overall prevalence of T. equi in equids was 27.7%, whereas B. caballi infection was not identified. The district with the highest positive rate was Baicheng (43.3%), followed by Tonghua (28.9%), Yanbian (26.4%), Jilin (23.3%), and Liaoyuan (20.9%). The sex of the animals and farm management were identified as main risk factors, which were significantly associated with the prevalence of Equine piroplasmosis (P < 0.05). The risk factor analysis indicated that the females were at a higher risk (OR: 2.48, 95% CI: 1.17–5.27) of being infected compared to the males, whereas the organized farm was protective factor (OR: 0.42, 95% CI: 0.22–0.80). The phylogenetic analyses revealed that there were two T. equi genotypes (A and E) in Jilin. Conclusions Our findings provided important epidemiological data for the prevention and control of T. equi infection in Jilin, China.

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“…All analyses were performed using SPSS software version 19.0 (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 19.0. Armonk, IBM Corp., NY, USA) [20].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First report of genetic diversity and risk factor analysis of equine piroplasm infection in equids in Jilin, China

et al. 2020

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“…In Indian regions, Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum transmits T. equi and Theileria annulata in equines and bovine, respectively (Chaudhuri et al, 1969;Bhattacharyulu et al, 1975). Theileria equi infection is endemic in India in many agro-climatic regions (Kumar et al, 2013;Dahiya et al, 2018;Sumbria et al, 2018) and sporadic clinical cases have been reported (Gautam, 1976;Sharma et al, 1982).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroprevalence and Risk Factor Associated with Endemicity of Theileria equi Infection in Horses in Rajasthan State, India

Bhojani¹,

Chahar²,

Dewal³

et al. 2021

IJAR

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Background: Equine piroplasmosis is a haemoprtozoan disease of equids and enzootic in Rajasthan prefecture of India. In endemic areas, the subclinical condition is more common, as infected equids recover from the disease and become latently infected. This study aimed to investigate the seroepidemiology and risk factors associated with the endemicity of Theileria equi infection in Rajasthan state. Methods: A cross-sectional study on the seroprevalence of Theileria equi, was performed. Total of 151 serum samples collected from different areas of Rajasthan. The serum samples were screened by ELISA for assessment of seroprevalence of T. equi infection.Result: Overall seroprevalence of T. equi was 49.66%. A total of 75 T. equi seropositive horses were detected and one horse was clinically positive for T. equi infection. The clinical signs observed were - fever, haemoglobinuria, mild colic, anaemia and icteric conjunctival mucous membrane. Theileria equi infection is endemic among horses in Rajasthan state and Ajmer district found the most endemic. Haematological observations in T. equi clinically infected and healthy horses were studies. A decreased haemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, total erythrocytic counts were observed in T. equi infected horse in comparison to healthy horses. This observation showed anaemic condition in T. equi clinically infected equine. An increased concentration of liver enzymes – AST, ALP, GGT in T. equi infected equine was also recorded, which indicated the liver damage.

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“…In 2004, the OIE approved the competitive Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (cELISA) for detection of antibodies against T. equi and B. caballi and as a specified test for global horse activity (OIE, 2014) The prevalence rates of the T. equi were earlier reported by many workers in Gujarat and adjoining states using blood smear examinations and PCR (Sumbria et al 2016, Vidhyalakshmi et al 2018Bharai et al 2020;Sanjeev et al 2020). However, a different level of sero-prevalence of antibodies against T. equi was documented from various states of India (Khurana et al 2014;Dahiya et al 2018;Bhojani et al 2021). There is no previous serological study focusing on the occurrence of T. equi infection in horses of south Gujarat in India, therefore, present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of T. equi and B. caballi in horses by blood smears and to identify the presence of T. equi antibodies in the serum of horses with cELISA.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi Infections in Horses in South Gujarat, India

Mavadiya

Patel

Mehta

et al. 2021

IJAR

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Background: Equine piroplasmosis (EP) is a tick-borne disease of horses caused by the intraerytrocytic protozoan parasites. The infected animals remain carriers of these blood parasites for long periods and spread the disease. The introduction of carrier animals into areas where competent tick vectors are prevalent can lead to an epizootic spread of the disease.Methods: Total 295 blood smears from diseased and healthy horses were examined and 295 serum samples were analyses by cELISA for the presence of antibodies against T. equi and B. caballi whereas 90 DNA samples from seropositive horses were screened by PCR for presence of parasite’s DNA. Result: In present study, 1.35% horses were found positive for T. equi by means of blood smear examination. Using c-ELISA, it was found that 03 (1.02%) horses had antibodies against B. caballi and 182 (61.69%) against T. equi, while none of the sample showed mixed reactions. Ninety (90) seropositivehorses screened for T. equi and B. caballi by PCR method, out of which, only Nine (09) horses werefound positive indicating an overall prevalence rate of T. equi was 10.00% by PCR. None ofthe horses found positive for B. caballi through blood smear examination and PCR method.

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Risk factor analysis associated with Theileria equi infected equines in semi-arid and sub-humid ecological enzootic zones of India

Cited by 6 publications

References 25 publications

First report of genetic diversity and risk factor analysis of equine piroplasm infection in equids in Jilin, China

First report of genetic diversity and risk factor analysis of equine piroplasm infection in equids in Jilin, China

Seroprevalence and Risk Factor Associated with Endemicity of Theileria equi Infection in Horses in Rajasthan State, India

Prevalence of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi Infections in Horses in South Gujarat, India

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