Risk Characterization: Handbook

Fowle, John R.; Dearfield, Kerry L.

doi:10.1037/e519222012-001

Cited by 28 publications

(16 citation statements)

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“…There are four main principles for effective communication: transparency, clarity, consistency, and reasonableness, of which ''clarity'' is the most important. Risk assessment guidance states that clarity means, ''the assessment is free from obscure language and is easy to understand'' (Fowle and Dearfield, 2000). The use of plain language, brevity in the presentation, and simple tables, graphics, or equations will help achieve this goal.…”

Section: Risk Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The analysis is completed during the risk characterization stage, where the predicted levels for the risk factors are compared to the response functions of endpoints of concern and a probability statement is made about the likelihood and magnitude of the undesirable outcomes. Risk communication (both to the public and to the risk managers) is the final step of both the risk assessment (Fowle and Dearfield, 2000) and EIA (Wood, 1999) processes. There are four main principles for effective communication: transparency, clarity, consistency, and reasonableness, of which ''clarity'' is the most important.…”

Section: Risk Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Predicting risks of uncharacteristic wildfires: Application of the risk assessment process

Fairbrother

Turnley²

2005

Forest Ecology and Management

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Section: Risk Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Risk Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predicting risks of uncharacteristic wildfires: Application of the risk assessment process

Fairbrother

Turnley²

2005

Forest Ecology and Management

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“…We answer these questions using lichens as a model receptor and the US EPA's framework for ecological risk assessment [23,24], below: Figure 1 outlines our adaptation of the EPA's framework for this study. Phases 1, 2, and 3 are covered in the Introduction, Methods and Results, and Discussion, respectively.…”

Section: Lichen Critical Loads Provide Broad Environmental Protectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing Ecological Risks from Atmospheric Deposition of Nitrogen and Sulfur to US Forests Using Epiphytic Macrolichens

et al. 2019

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Critical loads of atmospheric deposition help decision-makers identify levels of air pollution harmful to ecosystem components. But when critical loads are exceeded, how can the accompanying ecological risk be quantified? We use a 90% quantile regression to model relationships between nitrogen and sulfur deposition and epiphytic macrolichens, focusing on responses of concern to managers of US forests: Species richness and abundance and diversity of functional groups with integral ecological roles. Analyses utilized national-scale lichen survey data, sensitivity ratings, and modeled deposition and climate data. We propose 20, 50, and 80% declines in these responses as cut-offs for low, moderate, and high ecological risk from deposition. Critical loads (low risk cut-off) for total species richness, sensitive species richness, forage lichen abundance and cyanolichen abundance, respectively, were 3.5, 3.1, 1.9, and 1.3 kg N and 6.0, 2.5, 2.6, and 2.3 kg S ha−1 yr−1. High environmental risk (80% decline), excluding total species richness, occurred at 14.8, 10.4, and 6.6 kg N and 14.1, 13, and 11 kg S ha−1 yr−1. These risks were further characterized in relation to geography, species of conservation concern, number of species affected, recovery timeframes, climate, and effects on interdependent biota, nutrient cycling, and ecosystem services.

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“…A quantitative chemical risk assessment was conducted by incorporating the predicted concentrations of algal toxins remaining in permeate waters following U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) guidelines [51]. Human exposure to the algal toxin through ingestion of desalinated water was evaluated through daily intake rate established by U.S. EPA guidelines [51].…”

Section: Determination Of Human Health Risks From Marine Algal Toxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Human exposure to the algal toxin through ingestion of desalinated water was evaluated through daily intake rate established by U.S. EPA guidelines [51].…”

Section: Determination Of Human Health Risks From Marine Algal Toxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of Algal Biotoxin Removal during SWRO Desalination through a Materials Flow Analysis

Manheim

Jiang

2017

Water

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Abstract:The operation of seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) desalination facilities has become challenged by the increasing frequency and severity of harmful algal blooms (HABs). The efficiency of algal toxins removal during SWRO and pretreatment processes has critical human health implications. Therefore, a probabilistic materials flow analysis (pMFA) was developed to predict the removal of algal toxins in source water by various pretreatment configurations and operations during SWRO desalination. The results demonstrated that an appreciable quantity of toxins exists in the SWRO permeate (ng/L-µg/L levels), the backwash of pretreatment, and final brine rejects (µg/L-mg/L levels). Varying the pretreatment train configuration resulted in statistically significant differences in toxin removals, where higher removal efficiencies were evidenced in systems employing microfiltration/ultrafiltration (MF/UF) over granular media filtration (GMF). However, this performance depended on operational practices including coagulant addition and transmembrane pressures of MF/UF systems. Acute human health risks during lifetime exposure to algal toxins from ingestion of desalinated water were benign, with margins of safety ranging from 100 to 4000. This study highlights the importance of pretreatment steps during SWRO operation in the removal of algal toxins for managing marine HABs.

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Risk Characterization: Handbook

Cited by 28 publications

References 0 publications

Predicting risks of uncharacteristic wildfires: Application of the risk assessment process

Predicting risks of uncharacteristic wildfires: Application of the risk assessment process

Assessing Ecological Risks from Atmospheric Deposition of Nitrogen and Sulfur to US Forests Using Epiphytic Macrolichens

Investigation of Algal Biotoxin Removal during SWRO Desalination through a Materials Flow Analysis

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