Risk Assessment of the Exposure of Insecticide Operators to Fenvalerate during Treatment in Apple Orchards

Abstract

Dermal and inhalation exposure of the applicator to the insecticide fenavalerate in an apple orchard was measured for risk assessment during treatment. Emulsifiable concentrate (EC) and wettable powder (WP) formulations were sprayed using a speed sprayer (SS) or power sprayer (PS). Dermal patches, gloves, socks, and masks were used to monitor potential dermal exposure to fenavalerate, while personal air samplers with XAD-2 resins were used to monitor potential inhalation exposure. Validation of analytical methods was performed for the instruments' limit of detection, limit of quantitation, reproducibility, linearity of calibration curve, and recovery of fenvelerate from various exposure matrices. The results were encouraging and reasonable for an exposure study. Applicability of XAD-2 resin was evaluated with a trapping efficiency and breakthrough test. During mixing/loading, the amount of dermal exposure ranged from 262.8 μg (EC/SS) to 1652.6 μg (WP/PS) of fenvalerate, corresponding to ~0.0011-0.0066% of the total prepared quantity. In the case of WP, the amount of dermal exposure was 2032.3 μg (0.0081% of the total applied amount) for SS and 1087.9 μg (0.0145%) for PS after application. In the case of EC, the amount of dermal exposure was 3804.6 μg (0.0152%) for SS and 4055.0 μg (0.0541%) for PS after application. The primary body parts subject to exposure were thigh and upper arm for SS, and thigh and hand for PS. The amount of inhalation exposure with WP was 2.2 μg (8.65 × 10⁻⁶% of the total applied amount) for SS and 1.3 g (1.67 × 10⁻⁵%) for PS. The amount of inhalation exposure with EC was 2.5 μg (9.81 × 10⁻⁶%) for SS and 3.7 μg (4.97 × 10⁻⁵%) for PS. The absorbable quantity of exposure and margin of safety (MOS) were calculated for risk assessment. The MOS for all 4 cases was much greater than 1, indicating a low possibility of risk.

Potential Dermal Exposure to Flonicamid and Risk Assessment of Applicators During Treatment in Apple Orchards

“…These data were in accordance with previous values for methomyl (0.01-0.04%) and fenvalerate (0.008-0.054%) in apple orchard. (24,25) By contrast, a greater value (0.18-0.34%) was obtained for cypermethrin in a mandarin field. (11) The mean inhalation exposure of flonicamid was 0.7 µg (range: 0.031-1.7 µg) during application, corresponding to 1.4×10 −6% of the applied amount (Table 2), being smaller to a prior report 9.81×10 −6% for EC and 8.65×10 −6% for WP in an apple orchard with fenvalerate.…”

“…Similar results were reported by Moon, who showed that the primary body parts were thigh and upper arm for speed sprayer when fenvalerate was applied in apple orchards. (24) The data suggest that the potential inhalation exposure was small compared with the potential dermal exposure, and suggesting that wearing a facemask can effectively reduce inhalation exposure of flonicamid.…”

“…(11) The mean inhalation exposure of flonicamid was 0.7 µg (range: 0.031-1.7 µg) during application, corresponding to 1.4×10 −6% of the applied amount (Table 2), being smaller to a prior report 9.81×10 −6% for EC and 8.65×10 −6% for WP in an apple orchard with fenvalerate. (24) …”

Evaluation for Application of IOM Sampler for Agricultural Farmer's Inhalation Exposure to Kresoxim-methyl and Fenthion

“…호흡노출은 피부노출에 비해 대개 0.0-9.1% 이하로 그 양 이 적지만 (Culver et al, 1956;Miller et al, 1980;WHO, 1982;Wojeck et al, 1983;USEPA, 1996;Capri et al, 1999;Oliveira and Machado-Neto, 2003;Choi et al, 2006;Kim et al, 2011 a,b ;Kim et al, 2012 a,b ; Choi and Moon, 2013;Moon et al, 2013;Kim et al, 2014), 노출량 100% 가 몸에 흡수되는 것으로 가정하기 때문에 (Fenske and Day JR, 2005;Worgan, 2005, Kim et al, 2011 a, Choi and Moon, 2013;Moon et al, 2013;Kim et al, 2014) 위해평가 과정에서 기여도가 높으며, 특히 시설 재배 와 실내와 같은 밀폐된 공간에서의 농약 살포 시 호흡노출 은 매우 중요하다 (Castro Cano et al, 2000;Machera et al, 2003;Byoun et al, 2005;Ramos et al, 2010;Choi and Moon, 2013;Kim et al, 2014;An et al, 2015).…”

“…농작업자의 호흡노출량 측정은 일반적으로 XAD-2 등의 고체흡착제를 개인용 공기펌프에 연결하거나 (Farewell et al, 1977;Johnson et al, 1977;Lewis and Jackson, 1982;Billing and Bidleman, 1983;Williams et al, 1986;Leidy and Wright, 1991;Wright et al, 1993;Lu and Fenske, 1998;Machera et al, 2003;Byoun et al, 2005;Choi et al, 2006;Farahat et al, 2010;Kim et al, a,b , 2012Dalvie et al, 2014;An et al, 2014;Cao et al, 2015), 고체 흡착제 앞에 유리섬유여과지를 연결하여 사용하였다 a,b , Kim et al, 2012Choi and Moon., 2013;Moon et al, 2013;Zhao et al, 2015 (Katinka et al, 2004;Grobkopf et al, 2013;Kim et al, 2014) (Fig. 1).…”