Risk assessment of exposure to indoor aerosols associated with Chinese cooking

See, Siao Wei; Balasubramanian, Rajasekhar

doi:10.1016/j.envres.2005.12.013

Cited by 200 publications

(91 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Indeed, without this knowledge, it remains difficult to raise alarm about UFPs produced by home heating systems when cooking and smoking are much stronger sources. A recent study has made progress in the area of indoor particle composition (See and Balasubramanian, 2006), and suggests that aerosols produced during gas cooking may contain toxic metals. However, this study examined exposures in a commercial kitchen and may not adequately reflect in-home exposures.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indoor ultrafine particle exposures and home heating systems: A cross-sectional survey of Canadian homes during the winter months

Weichenthal

Dufresne

Infante‐Rivard

et al. 2006

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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Exposure to airborne particulate matter has a negative effect on respiratory health in both children and adults. Ultrafine particle (UFP) exposures are of particular concern owing to their enhanced ability to cause oxidative stress and inflammation in the lungs. In this investigation, our objective was to examine the contribution of home heating systems (electric baseboard heaters, wood stoves, forced-air oil/natural gas furnace) to indoor UFP exposures. We conducted a cross-sectional survey in 36 homes in the cities of Montre´al, Que´bec, and Pembroke, Ontario. Real-time measures of indoor UFP concentrations were collected in each home for approximately 14 h, and an outdoor UFP measurement was collected outside each home before indoor sampling. A home-characteristic questionnaire was also administered, and air exchange rates were estimated using carbon dioxide as a tracer gas. Average UFP exposures of 21,594 cm À3 (95% confidence interval (CI): 14,014, 29,174) and 6660 cm À3 (95% CI: 4339, 8982) were observed for the evening (1600-2400) and overnight (2400-0800) hours, respectively. In an unadjusted comparison, overnight baseline UFP exposures were significantly greater in homes with electric baseboard heaters as compared to homes using forced-air oil or natural gas furnaces, and homes using wood stoves had significantly greater overnight baseline UFP exposures than homes using forced-air natural gas furnaces. However, in multivariate models, electric oven use (b ¼ 12,253 cm À3 , 95% CI: 3524, 20,982), indoor relative humidity (b ¼ 1136 cm À3 %, 95% CI: 372, 1899), and indoor smoking (b ¼ 18,192 cm À3 , 95% CI: 2073, 34,311) were the only significant determinants of mean indoor UFP exposure, whereas air exchange rate (b ¼ 4351 cm À3 h À1 , 95% CI: 1507, 7195) and each 10,000 cm À3 increase in outdoor UFPs (b ¼ 811 cm À3 , 95% CI: 244,1377) were the only significant determinants of overnight baseline UFP exposures. In general, our findings suggest that home heating systems are not important determinants of indoor UFP exposures.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indoor ultrafine particle exposures and home heating systems: A cross-sectional survey of Canadian homes during the winter months

Weichenthal

Dufresne

Infante‐Rivard

et al. 2006

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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“…Suggested indoor sources and activities related to Cu are cooking and frying (See and Balasubramanian, 2006) (using Cu-containing pots and frying pans) and use of electrical appliances (e.g. vacuum cleaners and hairdriers).…”

Section: Personal Exposure V Indoor and Outdoor Levelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Personal exposures and indoor, residential outdoor, and urban background levels of fine particle trace elements in the general population

et al. 2006

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The general population is exposed to particulate air pollution from many different local and regional sources. Examples of local sources are traffic, biomass burning and resuspended dust, while regional sources are dominated by combustion processes from heating, traffic and industries. The overall aim of this thesis was to characterise the personal exposure to trace elements in fine particles, mainly PM 2.5 and investigate how the exposure is related to indoor and outdoor levels. Particulate matter was collected on filters and analysed for elemental content by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy.In the general population in Göteborg, personal exposures to Cl, Ca, Ti and Fe were significantly higher compared with indoor, residential outdoor and urban background levels. Significant correlations were also found between urban background PM mass and personal exposure to elements related to both combustion (S, V and Pb) and resuspended dust (Ti, Fe and Zn), indicating that both sources could be relevant for health effects from urban background PM. In a community where wood burning for domestic heating is common, significantly (66-80%) higher personal exposures and indoor levels were found for K, Ca and Zn compared with a reference group living in the same area, indicating that these elements could be good markers for wood smoke. In a study in Stockholm concerning children's environments (home, school and preschool), higher indoor than outdoor levels of Ti were found, while long-range-transported (LRT) elements (S, Ni, Br and Pb) were higher outdoors. A community located 25 km from the city centre had significantly lower outdoor levels of crustal and traffic-related elements compared with both the city centre and a suburban area. The levels of Fe and Cu were four times higher in the central communities. Outdoors, Cu levels were found to correlate well with the traffic marker NO 2 , making it a possible elemental marker for traffic-related aerosols in health studies. Roadside measurements of fine and ultrafine (<100 nm) particles were performed along a major approach road to Göteborg and the levels of ultrafine particles were influenced not only by traffic intensity, but also, by wind speed and direction, as well as boundary layer height. No correlation was found between PM 2.5 and ultrafine particles or traffic, but there was a correlation between PM 2.5 and particles sized 100-368 nm. In all environments studied, the origin of LRT air masses had a strong effect on exposure and levels of PM elements.In conclusion, this thesis demonstrates that elemental analysis is a useful method for better characterising human exposure to fine particles. For several elements, the personal exposure is often higher than corresponding indoor levels. The origin of LRT elements affected not only outdoor levels, but also, the personal exposure and indoor levels, and should be taken into account in time series studies of air pollution and health.

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“…It was thus clear that the exposure of the vehicle inspection workers and other personnel working in the factories, and possibly the customers, to the fine particles with toxic metal contents is of serious concern. In addition, these fine particles can absorb a host of other harmful pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitrated PAHs because of their large specific surface area, thus further increasing the health risk for exposed individuals (See and Balasubramanian, 2006). Appropriate safe particulate guideline should be established to protect these workers, and effective protective measures are suggested to reduce their exposure levels, such as wearing a mask and protective clothing.…”

Section: Human Health Risk Assessment Of Exposure To Heavy Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To further evaluate the exposure of vehicle inspection workers to metals, their occupational exposure levels were compared with three standards/guidelines for inhalation exposure to metals, which are: (1) the threshold limit valuestime weighted average (TLV-TWA) recommended by the American Conference of Industrial Hygienists (denoted as TLV in the table), (2) the permissible exposure limit-time weighted average (PEL-TWA) regulated by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (PEL), (3) the tolerable concentration in air (TCA) proposed by Research for Man and Environment (RIVM) (See and Balasubramanian, 2006). The standards were used as benchmarks for assessing the acceptable levels of the concentrations of airborne metals for vehicle inspection workers.…”

Section: Concentrations Of Pm and Heavy Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the Hazardous Risks of Vehicle Inspection Workers’ Exposure to Particulate Heavy Metals in Their Work Places

Kong

Geng

et al. 2013

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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Exposure of on-duty vehicle inspection workers to heavy metals in Beijing was investigated from April 18 to May 17, 2011. Particulate samples were collected by personal environmental monitors during vehicle inspectors' work time, and were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) for V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd and Pb. The results showed that in three vehicle inspection lines, Zn was the most abundant element, accounting for over 45% of the total metal concentration. Cr and Pb were the next most abundant compositions. The geoaccumulation index and enrichment factor analysis showed that Cr, Zn, As, Cd and Pb exhibited heavy or extreme contamination and significant enrichment, indicating the influence of anthropogenic sources. Mn and Co were mostly non-enriched and were mainly influenced by crustal sources. Ni and V presented moderate or heavy contamination, and were influenced by both crustal materials and anthropogenic sources. Principle component analysis revealed that the major sources were vehicle emissions, re-suspended dust and industrial processes. Cr and Mn could trigger adverse non-cancer health effects. The median values of incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) of inhalation exposure route were estimated to be 2.59 × 10 , respectively for gasoline, bus, and diesel inspection workers, respectively. The ILCR was higher than the acceptable risk level of 10 -6 , indicating an unacceptable potential cancer risk.

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Risk assessment of exposure to indoor aerosols associated with Chinese cooking

Cited by 200 publications

References 35 publications

Indoor ultrafine particle exposures and home heating systems: A cross-sectional survey of Canadian homes during the winter months

Indoor ultrafine particle exposures and home heating systems: A cross-sectional survey of Canadian homes during the winter months

Personal exposures and indoor, residential outdoor, and urban background levels of fine particle trace elements in the general population

Assessing the Hazardous Risks of Vehicle Inspection Workers’ Exposure to Particulate Heavy Metals in Their Work Places

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