Risk and safety of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: report and suggested guidelines from the International Workshop on the Safety of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, June 5–7, 1996

Wassermann, Eric M.

doi:10.1016/s0168-5597(97)00096-8

Cited by 2,103 publications

(1,403 citation statements)

References 76 publications

(87 reference statements)

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“…In order to avoid seizures, clinicians should monitor patients' motor threshold weekly and maintain stimulation parameters in the range of the published guidelines. 58 Since the power of penetration of TMS in the brain is no deeper than 2 cm, the main target of this procedure is the brain cortex. This point has raised skepticism about the possible efficacy of TMS in OCD, given the well-established involvement of subcortical circuits in this disorder.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain Stimulation Techniques in the Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Current and Future Directions

et al. 2005

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Recent studies on the epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) estimate 50 million patients suffer from OCD worldwide, thus making it a global problem. The treatment of OCD has changed substantially over the last 2 decades following the introduction of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, which provide symptom improvement in ~60% of patients. However, some patients remain resistant to the standard pharmacologic and behavioral treatments. Although some Needs AssessmentIn the last decade, brain stimulation approaches to neuropsychiatric disorders have been increasingly investigated and are currently defining a "third way" of treatment besides the traditional ones, pharmacologic therapy and psychotherapy. Although some of these techniques are well-established treatments for specific conditions (ie, electroconvulsive therapy for severe depression or deep brain stimulation and transcranial magnetic stimulation in motor disorders) their efficacy in severe or treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder is still under investigation. Nevertheless, they represent a potential, helpful approach in this highly debilitating condition not only amongst the therapeutic approaches to obsessive-compulsive disorder but also as research means able to elucidate the specific dysfunctional neurocircuits underlying the clinical symptomatology. Learning ObjectivesAt the end of this activity, the participant should be able to:• Differentiate the specific techniques of brain stimulation investigated in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in terms of efficacy, invasiveness, tolerability, and side effects.• Understand the main hypotheses through which these techniques might modify the dysfunctional circuits of OCD.• Understand the potential of these techniques in the field of treatment-resistant OCD, on one hand, and their current investigational state that requires further controlled clinical trials, on the other hand. Target Audience Neurologists and psychiatrists Accreditation StatementMount Sinai School of Medicine is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education to provide Continuing Medical Education for physicians.Mount Sinai School of Medicine designates this educational activity for a maximum of 3.0 Category 1 credit(s) toward the AMA Physician's Recognition Award. Each physician should claim only those credits that he/she actually spent in the educational activity.It is the policy of Mount Sinai School of Medicine to ensure fair balance, independence, objectivity and scientific rigor in all its sponsored activities. All faculty participating in sponsored activities are expected to disclose to the audience any real or apparent discussion of unlabeled or investigational use of any commercial product or device not yet approved in the United States.This activity has been peer-reviewed and approved by Eric Hollander, MD, professor of psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine. Review Date: November 1, 2005. To Receive Credit for This ActivityRead this article, and...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain Stimulation Techniques in the Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Current and Future Directions

et al. 2005

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“…But in this case we presented an action sequence observed from the goal, and this is quite an uncommon view. None of the participants had any neurological, psychiatric, or other medical problems, nor did they have any contraindication to TMS (Rossi, Hallett, Rossini, & Pascual-Leone, 2009;Wassermann, 1998). None were aware of the experiment's purpose and all gave their written informed consent at the time they were recruited.…”

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The multiform motor cortical output: Kinematic, predictive and response coding

Sartori

Betti

Chinellato

et al. 2015

Cortex

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Observing actions performed by others entails a subliminal activation of primary motor cortex reflecting the components encoded in the observed action. One of the most debated issues concerns the role of this output: Is it a mere replica of the incoming flow of information (kinematic coding), is it oriented to anticipate the forthcoming events (predictive coding) or is it aimed at responding in a suitable fashion to the actions of others (response coding)? The aim of the present study was to disentangle the relative contribution of these three levels and unify them into an integrated view of cortical motor coding. We combined transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and electromyography recordings at different timings to probe the excitability of corticospinal projections to upper and lower limb muscles of participants observing a soccer player performing:(i) a penalty kick straight in their direction and then coming to a full stop, (ii) a penalty kick straight in their direction and then continuing to run, (iii) a penalty kick to the side and then continuing to run. The results show a modulation of the observer's corticospinal excitability in different effectors at different times reflecting a multiplicity of motor coding. The internal replica of the observed action, the predictive activation, and the adaptive integration of congruent and non-congruent responses to the actions of others can coexist in a not mutually exclusive way. Such a view offers reconciliation among different (and apparently divergent) frameworks in action observation literature, and will promote a more complete and integrated understanding of recent findings on motor simulation, motor resonance and automatic imitation.

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“…All subjects had normal or corrected-to-normal vision and none of them had a history of neurological, psychiatric, cardiovascular, or neuromuscular disorders. Subjects were screened for contraindications for TMS (Wassermann 1998) and medication intake. All participants provided written informed consent prior to participation.…”

Section: Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age-related differences in corticospinal excitability during a choice reaction time task

Cuypers

Thijs

Duqué

et al. 2012

AGE

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Age-related declines in central processing may affect corticospinal (CS) excitability that underlies the emergence of voluntary responses to external stimuli. We used single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the primary motor cortex to explore the evolution of CS excitability in 14 young and ten elderly healthy right-handed participants. Motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) were elicited in the right or left first dorsal interosseus (FDI) during the preparatory and premotor periods of a choice reaction time (CRT) task, which required selection of left or right index finger responses. Both age groups showed significant suppression of CS excitability in the preparatory period. However, suppression was generally less pronounced in older than in young adults. Moreover, our data indicated that a reduced suppression in the right FDI during the preparatory period was associated with longer reaction times (RTs) in older adults only. In the premotor period, both age groups demonstrated comparable facilitation levels towards movement onset. Our findings indicate that increased RTs among older individuals could be directly associated with declines in preparatory processes.

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Risk and safety of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: report and suggested guidelines from the International Workshop on the Safety of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, June 5–7, 1996

Cited by 2,103 publications

References 76 publications

Brain Stimulation Techniques in the Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Current and Future Directions

Brain Stimulation Techniques in the Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Current and Future Directions

The multiform motor cortical output: Kinematic, predictive and response coding

Age-related differences in corticospinal excitability during a choice reaction time task

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