Rise of the Andes

Garzione, Carmala N.; Hoke, G. D.; Libarkin, Julie C.; Withers, Saunia; MacFadden, Bruce J.; Eiler, John M.; Ghosh, Prosenjit; Mulch, Andreas

doi:10.1126/science.1148615

Cited by 595 publications

(530 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…The subtribe separated into four lineages, which, with the exception of Megoleria , all diverged during the Middle to Late Miocene with further diversification during the Pliocene. Diversification within the subtribe is largely consistent with key geological changes in the Neotropical landscape (Garzione et al ., 2008) particularly from the Late Oligocene to Pliocene (~26–3 Ma) (Hoorn & Wesseling, 2010; Figs 1, 2). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The evolution of the Oleriina occurred when the Central Andes had attained at least 1000‐1500 m (Garzione et al ., 2008). It is therefore unlikely that the uplift of the Andes was a direct driver of altitudinal diversification except perhaps in those species that occur at higher elevations of more than 2000 m that were attained more recently.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Diversification of clearwing butterflies with the rise of the Andes

De‐Silva

Élias

Willmott

et al. 2015

Journal of Biogeography

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AimDespite the greatest butterfly diversity on Earth occurring in the Neotropical Andes and Amazonia, there is still keen debate about the origins of this exceptional biota. A densely sampled calibrated phylogeny for a widespread butterfly subtribe, Oleriina (Nymphalidae: Ithomiini) was used to estimate the origin, colonization history and diversification of this species‐rich group.LocationNeotropics.MethodsAncestral elevation and biogeographical ranges were reconstructed using data generated from detailed range maps and applying the dispersal‐extinction‐cladogenesis model using stratified palaeogeographical time slice matrices. The pattern of diversification through time was examined by comparing constant and variable rate models. We also tested the hypothesis that a change in elevation is associated with speciation.ResultsThe Oleriina likely originated in the Andes in the Early to Middle Miocene and rapidly diversified to include four genera all of which also originated in the Andes. These clades, together with four species groups, experienced varying spatial and temporal patterns of diversification. An overall early burst and decreasing diversification rate is identified, and this pattern is reflected for most subclades.Main conclusionsChanges in the palaeogeological landscape, particularly the prolonged uplift of the Andes, had a profound impact on the diversification of the subtribe. The Oleriina mostly remained within the Andes and vicariant speciation resulted in some instances. Dynamic dispersal occurred with the disappearance of geological barriers such as the Acre System and the subtribe exploited newly available habitats. Our results confirm the role of the Andean uplift in the evolution of Neotropical biodiversity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diversification of clearwing butterflies with the rise of the Andes

De‐Silva

Élias

Willmott

et al. 2015

Journal of Biogeography

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“…Other tectonic controls have been invoked to explain variation in Andean morphology (i.e., angle of convergence, convergence velocity, age of oceanic crust, and trench orientation), though no clear consensus exists on their relative importance (e.g., Barnes & Ehlers, 2009; Maloney et al, 2013; Oncken et al, 2006). Broad regional uplift has been tied to removal of lithospeheric material through either gradual subduction erosion or rapid lower lithosphere removal of a high‐density crustal root (e.g., delamination; Garzione et al, 2008, 2017). Subduction of aseismic ridges (e.g., Nazca and Juan‐Fernandez ridges) may also “indent” overlying topography and focus uplift (Gutscher et al, 1999; Jordan et al, 1983; Saillard et al, 2011; Wipf, 2006; Yáñez et al, 2002), though the significance of subducted bathymetric anomalies in upper plate dynamics has also been questioned (e.g., Skinner & Clayton, 2013).…”

Section: Field Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The timing and mechanism of this uplift has been largely debated (e.g., Barnes & Ehlers, 2009; Ehlers & Poulsen, 2009; Garzione et al, 2008, 2017), and the timing and rate of exhumation along the margin, intrinsically tied to uplift, can thus be difficult to decouple from its tectonic controls.…”

Section: Field Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Slow Long‐Term Exhumation of the West Central Andean Plate Boundary, Chile

2018

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We present a regional analysis of new low‐temperature thermochronometer ages from the Central Andean fore arc to provide insights into the exhumation history of the western Andean margin. To derive exhumation rates over 10 million‐year timescales, 38 new apatite and zircon (U‐Th)/He ages were analyzed along six ~500‐km long near‐equal‐elevation, coast parallel, transects in the Coastal Cordillera (CC) and higher‐elevation Precordillera (PC) of the northern Chilean Andes between latitudes 18.5°S and 22.5°S. These transects were augmented with age‐elevation profiles where possible. Results are synthesized with previously published thermochronometric data, corroborating a previously observed trenchward increase in cooling ages in Peru and northern Chile. One‐dimensional thermal‐kinematic modeling of all available multichronometer equal‐elevation samples reveals mean exhumation rates of <0.2 km/Myr since ~50 Ma in the PC and ~100 Ma in the CC. Regression of pseudovertical age‐elevation transects in the CC yields comparable rates of ~0.05 to ~0.12 km/Myr between ~40 and 80 Ma. Differences between the long‐term mean 1‐D rates and shorter‐term age‐elevation‐derived rates indicate low variability in the exhumation history. Modeling results suggest similar background exhumation rates in the CC and PC; younger ages in the PC are largely a function of increased heat flow and consequently an elevated geothermal gradient near the arc. Slow exhumation rates are suggestive of semiarid conditions across the region since at least the Eocene and deformation and development of the Andean fore arc around this time.

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“…Th is surface elevation rise might have occurred due to the convective removal of the lowermost crust 47 , thermal buoyancy 4 and / or delamination of eclogized lower crust 48 . According to circulation models for moisture transport, these elevations were suffi cient to modulate the continentalscale wind and rainfall patterns, and to result in high orographic rainfall gradients in the Eastern Cordillera, enhanced convective rainfall on the Altiplano and the Western Cordillera and blocking of westerly fl ow from the Pacifi c 49,50 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%