Rinderpest virus infection of bovine peripheral blood monocytes

Abstract

The ability of rinderpest virus (RPV) to replicate in vitro in adherent peripheral blood monocytes and monocytederived macrophages under non-stimulation conditions was investigated. When flow cytometry analysis on bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was performed, monocytic cells were seen to be targets for infection by the cell culture-attenuated RBOK vaccine strain of RPV. Viral glycoprotein (H) and nucleoprotein (N) expression in adherent blood monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages was compared with the infection in Vero cells, in which a productive infection typical of morbilliviruses is obtained. In both cell types, the infection was m.o.i.-dependent, but the rate of viral protein accumulation was slower in monocytes/ macrophages. Double-labelling experiments with monoclonal antibodies against RPV and the myeloid marker CD14 confirmed that the infected blood adherent cells were monocytes and macrophages. Productive infection of monocytes was confirmed by progeny virus titration. Permissiveness to infection was not dependent on macrophage differentiation: in vitro maturation ofmonocytes to macrophages before infection, did not increase the susceptibility of these cells to RPV infection. With the virulent Saudi RPV isolate, similar results were obtained, although the Saudi virus apparently had a higher rate of replication compared to the attenuated virus. These observations demonstrate clearly that bovine blood monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages serve as hosts for a relatively slow but productive infection by rinderpest virus.

Devastating Transboundary Impacts of Sea Star Wasting Disease on Subtidal Asteroids

“…Examples of other large-scale epidemics with a wide host range (affecting multiple different species) include chytridiomycosis, caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis , in numerous amphibian species [42], rinderpest in African artiodactyls [43], and West Nile Virus in North American birds [44]. In all three examples, the overall impact has been devastating; however, like we show here, species-specific differences have been reported.…”

Relative ability of different bovine leukocyte populations to support active replication of rinderpest virus

“…After infection, Ͻ10% (maximum) of the viable PBMC population were seen to express virus antigen. Phenotypic analysis demonstrated that these were mainly monocytes; as previously reported (20), the majority of these CD14 ϩ cells supported active replication of RPV. Among lymphocytes, Ͻ2% expressed viral antigen after infection, primarily within the CD8 ϩ T-cell population.…”

“…Bovine lymphoblastoid cell lines, transformed with the parasite T. parva, of either Bor T-cell phenotype could also support replication, in this case, that of vaccine strain RPV-RBOK (21). By using this same vaccine strain, we (20) demonstrated that RPV productively infected blood-adherent cells. These were shown clearly to be monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages by double-labelling experiments using MAbs against the H glycoprotein of RPV and the CD14 marker characteristically found on monocytic cells.…”

“…Recently, we have demonstrated that peripheral blood bovine monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages serve as hosts for a relatively slow but productive infection by the vaccine strain of RPV (20). This study addressed the issue of leukocyte tropism for such active replication and productive infection by RPV.…”

Morbilliviruses Use Signaling Lymphocyte Activation Molecules (CD150) as Cellular Receptors

“…The host range of RPV includes domestic cattle, water buffalo, sheep, goats, and pigs (28). In cattle, target cells for RPV are epithelial cells, activated lymphocytes, and macrophages (34,37,49). Virus isolation is carried out routinely in primary bovine kidney cell cultures or a Theileria parva-transformed bovine lymphocyte cell line (38).…”