Riming electrification mechanism for charge generation within a thundercloud

Electric Field at the Ground Due to a Thundercloud of Finite Dimensions

“…However, the literature indicates the wide range in choosing the value of this parameter. Following Levin and Ziv (1974), Levin et al (1977) and Mathpal and Varshneya (1982), we have also made calculations for various values of <*> ranging from 1.0 to 0.1 in order to evaluate its effect on the growth of electric field. Fig.…”

“…We take the following expressions for [CDRe/ 2418 for the different size ranges of hail pellets (Rogers, 1976;Mathpal and Varshneya, 1982):…”

“…Hence where *0 is the permitivity of free space, L is the vertical length of charging zone on each side from the center of the cloud, H is the vertical length of both lower main negative and upper main positive charge regions, Q(t) is the total negative charge at an instant t within the thundercloud, D is the horizontal distance between the point of observation P and the point at the ground just below the center of cloud, and Z Also if the point P lies within the charging zone of the cloud and near its center, then the expression for potential at point P (inside the cloud) is given by [Appendix,Eq. (47b)] where K. C. Mathpal and N. C. Varshneya 911 and hail pellets, N(R)*R, within a thundercloud is given by (Mathpal et al, 1980) 3. Thundercloud charging mechanism…”

“…Thus, the rate of accumulation of negative charge within a thundercloud may be given by where the first term of the right hand side of Eq. (6) represents the contribution by the precipitative charging mechanism (Mathpal et al, 1980) and the second term is the contribution by convective charging mechanism (Kamra, 1979). N(R)*R is the concentration of hail pellets having radii between R and R+*R; QR(t) is the charge acquired at an instant t by a hail pellet of radius R; VR(t) is the fall velocity at an instant t of a hail pellet of radius R; Qc is the space charge density at an instant t in the screening layers; and Vc is the velocity of cloud particles by which they are transported from screening layers into lower negative region of the cloud.…”

Variation of surface electric field during geomagnetic disturbed period at Maitri, Antarctica

“…Despite a long history and good number of observations carried 1722 N Jeni Victor et al out for more than four decades (Kasemir 1955;Byrne et al 1993;Burns et al 1995;Bering et al 1998;Deshpande and Kamra 2001;Virkkula et al 2005;Panneerselvam et al 2007aPanneerselvam et al , b, 2010Anil Kumar et al 2008, 2009, knowledge of the relations between atmospheric electricity, solar cycle, climate and air pollution is insufficient for extensive applications. Hence, the non-linear effect may be important in the real atmospheric electrical processes because the thunderstorms are non-steady, and the electric charges may play an important role in the thunderstorm electrification (Chiu 1978;Mathpal et al 1980;Kuettner et al 1981;Mathpal and Varshneya 1982). Many studies suggested that the solar activity influences due to ionospheric electric field disturbances may significantly control the global electric circuit state (Sao 1967;Apsen et al 1988;Michnowski 1998;Bering et al 1998;Rycroft et al 2000;Frank-Kamenetsky et al 2001;Nikiforova et al 2003).…”