Rigid Endoscopy for the Control of Epistaxis

Prevalence and characteristics of S-point bleeding compared to non S-point bleeding in severe epistaxis

“… 13 Development of nasal endoscopic techniques has led to accurate localization and cautery of the bleeding point, and several authors have described this technique to successfully treat the cases of epistaxis. 14 , 15 In this study, electric cauterization was the most common final treatment for patients in both the groups. This underlines the significance of locating the accurate bleeding focus to treat epistaxis, as locating the precise bleeding focus must precede proper electric cauterization.…”

Arterial Blood Supply of the Nose: An Angiographic Study

“…Endoscopic cauterization has a failure rate of 17-33% [5]. Vigorous cauterization in the posterior part of the nose may result in thermal injury to the greater palatine nerve and palatal anesthesia and thermal injury to the optic nerve.…”

Anatomy of the sphenopalatine artery and its implications for transnasal neurosurgery

“…Epistaxis is a well-known clinical condition with a notable morbidity (4) . Therapeutic methods including nasal packing, transantral (Caldwell-Luc) ligation, interventional embolisation may lead to facial pain, synechiae, sinusitis, periorbital cellulitis, toxic shock syndrome, otitis media, ophthalmic palsy and blindness (5)(6)(7) . However, endoscopic transnasal surgery with cauterization or ligation of the bleeding artery may avoid most of these complications (8) .…”