Abstract:Asian countries, despite being the largest producers and yielding a significant proportion of the world’s rice, have poor disposal facilities for the harvested rice straw (stubble). Due to higher costs in their handling relative to their value, local farmers prefer the burning of stubble fields, thus creating environmental problems. Even though the government has taken initiatives, no effective solution has been discovered to handle this large agro-waste problem efficiently. In this regard, the utilization of … Show more
“…A report stated that a decrease in the surface roughness of fiber was seen with a higher carboxylic content [ 20 ]. Recent research has demonstrated that self-fibrillation or auto-liberation of nanofibrils during sequential TEMPO/periodate oxidation is conceivable as long as the surface charge is sufficient [ 30 , 31 ]. Figure 4.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Transmission electron micrographs of cellulose showed the interlinked and large fibers with a micrometric diameter (1.6 µm), whereas the CNF was found to be well-arranged thread like network with the diameter of 15–20 nm, confirming the effective oxidation process of cellulose fibers ( Figure 5 ). Other study by Islam et al on nanocellulose extracted from rice straw exhibited average diameter of 10–50 nm [ 31 ]. Thus, nanofibers generated in the present study had lower diameter than CNF already report in the literature.…”
Recently, the development of sustainable and environmentally friendly biomaterials has gained the attention of researchers as potential alternatives to petroleum-based materials. Biomaterials are a promising candidate to mitigate sustainability issues due to their renewability, biodegradability, and cost-effectiveness. Thus, the purpose of this study is to explore a cost-effective biomaterial-based delivery system for delivering fertilizers to plants. To achieve this, rice straw (agro-waste) was selected as a raw material for the extraction of cellulose. The cellulose was extracted through alkali treatment (12% NaOH), followed by TEMPO-based oxidation. The cellulose nanofibers were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. In scanning electron microscopy, a loosening of the fibrillar structure in cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) was observed with a diameter of 17 ± 4 nm. The CNFs were loaded with nitrogen-based fertilizer (ammonium chloride) in 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1 (w/w) proportions. The loading was estimated through surface charge variation; in the case of the 1:1 sample, maximum reductions in surface charge were seen from −42.0 mV to −12.8 mV due to the binding of positive ammonium ions. In the release kinetics study, a controlled release pattern was observed at 1:1, which showed a 58% cumulative release of ammonium ions within 8 days. Thus, the study paves the way for value-added uses of rice straw as an alternative to the current environmentally harmful practices.
“…A report stated that a decrease in the surface roughness of fiber was seen with a higher carboxylic content [ 20 ]. Recent research has demonstrated that self-fibrillation or auto-liberation of nanofibrils during sequential TEMPO/periodate oxidation is conceivable as long as the surface charge is sufficient [ 30 , 31 ]. Figure 4.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Transmission electron micrographs of cellulose showed the interlinked and large fibers with a micrometric diameter (1.6 µm), whereas the CNF was found to be well-arranged thread like network with the diameter of 15–20 nm, confirming the effective oxidation process of cellulose fibers ( Figure 5 ). Other study by Islam et al on nanocellulose extracted from rice straw exhibited average diameter of 10–50 nm [ 31 ]. Thus, nanofibers generated in the present study had lower diameter than CNF already report in the literature.…”
Recently, the development of sustainable and environmentally friendly biomaterials has gained the attention of researchers as potential alternatives to petroleum-based materials. Biomaterials are a promising candidate to mitigate sustainability issues due to their renewability, biodegradability, and cost-effectiveness. Thus, the purpose of this study is to explore a cost-effective biomaterial-based delivery system for delivering fertilizers to plants. To achieve this, rice straw (agro-waste) was selected as a raw material for the extraction of cellulose. The cellulose was extracted through alkali treatment (12% NaOH), followed by TEMPO-based oxidation. The cellulose nanofibers were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. In scanning electron microscopy, a loosening of the fibrillar structure in cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) was observed with a diameter of 17 ± 4 nm. The CNFs were loaded with nitrogen-based fertilizer (ammonium chloride) in 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1 (w/w) proportions. The loading was estimated through surface charge variation; in the case of the 1:1 sample, maximum reductions in surface charge were seen from −42.0 mV to −12.8 mV due to the binding of positive ammonium ions. In the release kinetics study, a controlled release pattern was observed at 1:1, which showed a 58% cumulative release of ammonium ions within 8 days. Thus, the study paves the way for value-added uses of rice straw as an alternative to the current environmentally harmful practices.
“…The potential of rice straw extends beyond its role as a waste product. As a lignocellulosic biomass, it is primarily composed of 40-50% cellulose, 25-35% hemicellulose, and 15-20% lignin, presenting an opportunity for extracting valuable materials [7][8][9][10]. Cellulose is a key component in biofuel production, biodegradable materials, and high-strength composites, marking a cornerstone in the development of sustainable materials.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Cellulose is a key component in biofuel production, biodegradable materials, and high-strength composites, marking a cornerstone in the development of sustainable materials. Lignin offers potential in creating bio-based chemicals and materials, facilitating a transition towards a circular economy, where waste materials are converted into valuable resources [10][11][12][13][14].…”
This paper focuses on the optimisation of an efficient extraction process for cellulose and lignin from rice straw waste from the Albufera of Valencia using the steam explosion method. This method is particularly pertinent given the environmental and economic challenges posed by the current disposal practices of agricultural waste. The technique comprises a high-temperature cooking stage followed by instantaneous decompression, effectively altering the biomass’s physical and chemical properties to enhance its surface area and porosity. Our adaptation of the steam explosion technique specifically addresses the challenges of rice straw waste, marking a significant departure from previous applications. This innovation is crucial in addressing the urgent need for more sustainable waste management practices, as it effectively deconstructs the lignocellulosic matrix of rice straw. This facilitates the selective extraction of cellulose at a 70% efficiency, with a 20% yield and the subsequent recovery of lignin. The results of this study are significant for sustainable biomaterial production, offering novel insights into optimising these crucial biomass components. By refining the process and focusing on critical parameters, our work advances the application of steam explosion methods for agricultural waste, enhancing efficiency and sustainability. By utilising rice straw biowaste, this research not only proposes a solution to a pressing environmental issue but also demonstrates the potential to create new market opportunities, increase the economic value for rice producers, and significantly reduce the environmental footprint of existing waste disposal methods. The holistic and ecological approach of this study underscores the vital need for innovative strategies in agricultural waste management, positioning the valorisation of rice straw waste as a key component in the pursuit of environmental sustainability.
“…Among many attractive degradable polymer materials, poly(lactic acid) (PLA), poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB), polybutylene succinate (PBS), poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT), chitosan (CS), starch, and natural fibers such as crop straw are being studied to synthesize sustainable composites (Fig. 1) (Jamróz et al 2019;Mochane et al 2021;Yanat and Schroën 2021;Kumari et al 2022;Paydayesh et al 2022;Yuan et al 2023). Most biobased raw materials are biodegradable and non-toxic, which are properties that make them suitable for use in a variety of applications (Liu et al 2020;Wu et al 2022;Ren et al 2023;Setyarini et al 2023).…”
In this study, an optimized composite was prepared based on chemically modified corn straw, chitosan, and poly(lactic acid) using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The composite was produced by screw extruding and hot pressing. The Box Behnken Design (BBD) software was used to design the test to optimize the composite composition. The optimum ratio of 3 factors, e.g. chemically modified corn straw (0.10 to 0.40 g), chitosan (0.25 to 0.75 g), and poly(lactic acid) (2.00 to 3.00 g) on the response value (bending strength) of the composite was investigated. RSM-BBD provided the optimum combination of composites. The novel composite prepared under the optimized factors was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, mechanical testing, water absorption tests, contact angle tests, and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the mechanical strength, e.g., bending strength, impact strength, and tensile strength of chemically modified corn straw based composite were 21.6 MPa, 4.43 kJ/m2, and 20.0 MPa, respectively, which increased by 23.5%, 13.9%, and 18.7% compared to native corn straw based composite. Improved mechanical strength and hydrophobicity for chemically modified corn straw/chitosan/poly(lactic acid) demonstrated that chemically modified biomass fibers and bio-based degradable polymers have the potential to produce environmentally friendly composites.
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