Rice bran enzymatic extract reduces atherosclerotic plaque development and steatosis in high-fat fed ApoE−/− mice

Dietary Fiber, Atherosclerosis, and Cardiovascular Disease

“…In addition, Wilson and colleagues found that barley and insoluble fibers had a hypocholesterolemic effect in Syrian Gold Hamsters [32,33,34]. Similarly, several investigators have documented the beneficial effects of certain types of dietary fiber in reducing blood cholesterol in mice [35,36,37,38,39,40,41]. Taken together, studies in animal models reveal the importance of both soluble and insoluble fibers in lowering blood cholesterol, attenuating atherosclerosis, and decreasing heart disease risk.…”

The Impact of Dietary Supplementation of Whole Foods and Polyphenols on Atherosclerosis

“…What is less known about rice, wheat, and corn is that these foods are rich in phenolic acids and flavonoids and, when in combination with legumes, for example white rice and black beans, a complete protein meal can be achieved [190,191]. In our search, we found a total of ten papers fitting this review's criteria, including dasca-flint corn fractions (aleurone, germ, and endosperm) [192]; anthocyanins from black rice [193]; red yeast rice [194]; rice bran extract [195]; rice protein isolate [196]; wild rice [197]; the HYJA-Ri non-glutinous rice variety [198]; cereal fibers, including oat and wheat bran [199]; yellow dent corn and hard red spring wheat bran [200]; and major safflower, a crop popular for its seed oil grown in the Great Plains [201].…”

“…Of these ten papers, seven studied ApoE −/− [193][194][195][196][199][200][201] and two, studying wild rice [197] and dasca-flint corn fractions [192], looked at LDLR −/− mice. HYJA-Ri non-glutinous rice was the one study to utilize a double knockout of both ApoE and LDLR [198].…”

“…Black rice improved plaque stability by inhibiting MMP1 activity and tissue factor, known for its role in blood coagulation and iNOS activity [193]. Rice bran increased the apoptosis of mononuclear cells through the upregulation of p53; p16; and the mitochondrial apoptosis regulator, bax [195]. Moghadasian et al did not propose a mechanism by which wild rice reduced atherosclerosis, however they proposed that increased lipid excretion was involved [197].…”

Characteristics of Giant Embryo Rice and Research Prospect of Its Processing and Utilization

“…In addition, the use of cysteine proteinase inhibitors can promote the efficient release of rice bran protein (Udenigwe et al, 2015), which can be used to treat hypertension, oxidative stress, Ⅱ diabetes and other abnormal cellular response of active substances. In addition to extracting rice bran oil and rice bran protein, rice bran can also extract other active substances, such as rice bran polysaccharide extracted from rice bran, which has many active functions such as anti-cancer, hypoglycemia, cholesterol lowering, anti-bacterial infection and enhancing immunity (Xing et al, 2019); The extracted octadecanoyl has the effect of anti-fatigue (Yan et al, 2012); Rice bran enzyme extract from rice bran has many effects such as reducing blood lipid, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic (Perez et al, 2017); Ferulic acid extracted from rice bran has many physiological functions, such as anti-thrombosis, anti-oxidation, anti-mutation, anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory, lowering blood lipid, preventing and treating coronary heart disease, and has a wide range of applications in medicine and food industry (Lu et al, 2018;Kumar et al, 2014). Therefore, rice bran of giant embryo rice is a "material treasure house".…”