Rhodamine and BODIPY chemodosimeters and chemosensors for the detection of Hg²⁺, based on fluorescence enhancement effects

Abstract

Fluorescent sensors for Hg 2+ are demonstrating their potential in a variety of fields such as environmental and biological applications. The review focuses on the recent development of rhodamine derivatives in which the spirolactam (non-fluorescent) to ring-opened amide (fluorescent) process was utilized and on the development of BODIPY derivatives in which the photoinduced electron transfer (PET) process was utilized. New trends in the immobilization of the molecular probes on solid supports, as polymers and/ or nanostructures, have been emphasized. The different recognition mechanisms used for the signal responses have been analyzed. The spectroscopic properties, reaction media, analytical parameters, interferences by other ions and practical applications have been summarized.Arsenio Muñoz de la Peña received his PhD (1981) degree at the University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain. He held post-doctoral positions at the

Photophysical and Laser Properties of Cassettes based on a BODIPY and Rhodamine Pair

“…However, this arrangement of the anion was suitable for reacting with the central carbon atom of the xanthene group, thus leading to a lactone form (in apolar or aprotic media), in which the xanthene-like delocalization was broken (Scheme 2). Because the formation or opening of the spirolactone ring determine the photophysics of rhodamine [11] and, hence, of the resulting cassette, in the following sections we will analyze in depth the interconversion between such structures (lactone (s)$zwitterions (z); Scheme 1 and Scheme 2), which depended on the characteristics of the solvent (mainly polarity and acidity). In addition to its zwitterionic neutral form (Rh AE ), rhodamine can also adopt a cationic (RhH + ) molecular form (Scheme 2), albeit only in acidic environment.…”

Luminescent chemosensor for Hg2+ ion based on a dinuclear Ru(II) complex containing open chain azacrown ether

“…On the other hand, different sensing mechanisms were reported for Hg 2+ luminescent probes [17][18][19][20]. Most of the rhodamine based sensors follow the approach of ''spirolactam ring opening" for the detection of mercury ions [17]. The sensors based on the BODIPY derivatives usually follow the mechanism of photoinduced energy transfer [17].…”

“…In this context, the luminescent sensors for Hg 2+ were developed quickly due to their advantages such as high sensitivity, good selectivity, quick response, and local observation [12][13][14][15][16]. On the other hand, different sensing mechanisms were reported for Hg 2+ luminescent probes [17][18][19][20]. Most of the rhodamine based sensors follow the approach of ''spirolactam ring opening" for the detection of mercury ions [17].…”

A rhodamine/BODIPY-based fluorescent probe for the differential detection of Hg(ii) and Au(iii)

“…5,6 In recent years, a variety of well-designed fluorescent probes highly specific for Hg 2+ and Au 3+ ions have been developed, most of which are built on the exploitation of the thiophilic and alkynophilic behavior of these metal species. 7,8 . This fluorescent probe, reported by Dong et al, operates through a single emission mode and the differentiation is highly dependent on the sensing conditions.…”