Rhizoctonia bataticola lectin (RBL) induces phenotypic and functional characteristics of macrophages in THP-1 cells and human monocytes

Alcohol dehydrogenase of Candida albicans triggers differentiation of THP-1 cells into macrophages

“…The differentiation of monocytes into macrophages is reported as changes in morphology and metabolism, increasing functional capability, expression of macrophage surface markers, and secretion of cytokines [14], [32]. Here, this report demonstrated that ADH stimulated THP-1 cells to differentiate into macrophage-like cells.…”

“…Macrophages are typically divided into M1/classically activated macrophages and M2/alternatively activated macrophages, which possess different cytokine profiles [14], [21]. The above results revealed that ADH-induced THP-1 cells expressed high levels of CD86, which indicate polarization to M1 macrophages [16].…”

“…Additionally, the concentration of endotoxin in original recombinant ADH (0.87 mg/mL) was 0.09 unit/mL which is equal to 10.8 pg/mL according to calculate conversions [22], therefore 300 nM ADH contains 0.135 pg/mL LPS. The effective concentrations of LPS to stimulate monocytes/macrophages commonly range from 100 ng/mL to 20 μg/mL [14], [23], [24], [25], [26], [27], [28]. Although the concentration of LPS was extremely low in this study, flow cytometric assay and ELISA were performed on LPS-treated THP-1 cells in order to completely exclude the influences of LPS which is considered an inflammatory activator and able to increase monocytes surface markers expression and pro-inflammatory cytokines production [28].…”

“…Cell adhesion was determined as previously reported with some modifications [14]. THP-1 cells (5 × 10 4 cells/well) were seeded into a 96-well tissue culture plate in triplicate.…”

“…Macrophages are important immune effector cells critical to host prevention of candida infection [12]. When the number of resident macrophages declines due to emigration and cell death, monocytes in the bloodstream stimulated by growth factor and pro-inflammatory cytokines differentiate into macrophages and migrate into tissues to maintain immune system homeostasis and ensure a proper inflammatory response through phagocytosis, antigen presentation, and production of cytokines [13], [14], [15]. Thus, monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation is an important part of the biological process, particularly under conditions such as inflammation [16].…”