Rhinoceridae (Rhinoceroses)

Miller, Michele A.; Buss, Peter

doi:10.1016/b978-1-4557-7397-8.00055-4

Cited by 17 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…There are many references to the finding of Gyrostigma rhinocerontis larvae, which are frequently found in the stomach of both African rhino species (Lang 1983, Ramsay & Zainuddin 1993), and Miller (2003 mentions that they cause insignificant clinical signs. Gyrostigma larvae have also been found in the Northern hemisphere, in the feces of imported rhinos, apparently without completing the evolution cycle, and natural infections by this parasite have not been observed outside the African continent (Silberman & Fulton 1979, Griner 1983.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similar to other large ungulate mammals, rhinos can be infected by a large variety of parasites of all kinds (Zumpt 1965, Silberman & Fulton 1979, Griner 1983, Lang 1983, Nelson & Fowler 1986, Ramsay & Zainuddin 1993, Brum et al 1996, Miller 2003, Gunn & Pitt 2012.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All these species suffer with a sharp population decrease, due to illegal poaching that aims to harvest their horns and other parts of the body, which have a high value for oriental traditional medicine (Miller 2003). The white rhino is the most numerous species, with about 10.000 animals, mainly concentrated in South Africa, a country that makes great efforts for its preservation (Miller 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The white, oblong eggs from Gyrostigma rhinocerontis are laid on the rhino head, especially in its nostrils and next to the horn, hatching in approximately six days (Miller 2003, Barraclough 2006. The larvae measure approximate 25mm and migrate until they reach the gastric mucosa by means of body spicules and oral hooks, feeding on blood and gastric tissue, going through three development stages (Barraclough 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are five species of rhinos, two of them from Africa, the white rhino (Ceratotherium simum) and the black rhino (Diceros bicornis), and three from Asia, as the Indian rhino (Rhinoceros unicornis), the Javan rhino (Rhinoceros sondaicus) and the Sumatran rhino (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis) (Nelson & Fowler 1986, Miller 2003. All these species suffer with a sharp population decrease, due to illegal poaching that aims to harvest their horns and other parts of the body, which have a high value for oriental traditional medicine (Miller 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gyrostigma rhinocerontis (Diptera: Oestridae, Gasterophilinae) in white rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum) imported from South Africa: occurrence in Itatiba, São Paulo, Brazil

Pachaly

Monteiro-Filho²,

Gonçalves

et al. 2016

Pesq. Vet. Bras.

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RESUMO.-[Gyrostigma rhinocerontis (Diptera: Oestridae, Gasterophilinae) em rinocerontes-brancos (Ceratotherium simum) importados da África do Sul: ocorrência em Itatiba, São Paulo.] As larvas dos dípteros da subfamília Gasterophilinae da família Oestridae parasitam ungulados perissodáctilos, tanto domésticos (equídeos) quanto selvagens (rinocerontes e equídeos). O parasito gástrico dos rinocerontes africanos é Gyrostigma rhinocerontis (anteriormente Gyrostigma pavesii), que na fase larval pode ser encontrada nas fezes dos hospedeiros, e chega a medir 40mm de comprimento. O adulto é a maior mosca daquele continente, atingindo até 41mm de comprimento, e envergadura de 71 mm. O gênero Gyrostigma não ocorre naturalmente no Brasil, onde anteriormente existia somente um relato do achado de larvas, nas fezes de um rinoceronte-branco oriundo da África do Sul nos anos 90 do sécu-lo XX, e albergado num zoológico localizado no Rio Grande do Sul. Este artigo apresenta dados sobre o achado, em um zoológico no município de Itatiba, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, de larvas de Gyrostigma rhinocerontis nas fezes de um grupo de rinocerontes-brancos (Ceratotherium simum) importados legalmente da África do Sul, onde eram manti- Fly larvae from the Gasterophilinae subfamily of the Oestridae family are parasites of domestic (equine) and wild (rhinos and equine) odd-hoofed ungulates (Perissodactyla). The gastric parasite of African Rhinos is Gyrostigma rhinocerontis (formerly Gyrostigma pavesii), which in its larva phase can be found in the feces of their hosts and can reach 40mm length. The adult is the largest fly in Africa, reaching 41mm long, with 71-mm wingspan. The Gyrostigma genus does not occur naturally in Brazil. There is one previous report of the occurrence of its larvae in the feces of a white rhino brought from South Africa in the 1990's, which was housed in a zoo located in Rio Grande do Sul. The present paper furnishes data from a zoo of the city of Itatiba, São Paulo state, Brazil, where Gyrostigma rhinocerontis larvae were found in 2005 in the feces of a group of white rhinos (Ceratotherium simum) legally imported from South Africa. The rhinos were kept in a breeding and preservation farm. This paper also reports the measures taken to control the case and avoid the dissemination of the parasite, calling attention to the fact of globalization, which allows international and intercontinental transit of wild animals with potential risks of adaptation of exotic parasites to new ecosystems.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gyrostigma rhinocerontis (Diptera: Oestridae, Gasterophilinae) in white rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum) imported from South Africa: occurrence in Itatiba, São Paulo, Brazil

Pachaly

Monteiro-Filho²,

Gonçalves

et al. 2016

Pesq. Vet. Bras.

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Rhinoceroses

2019

Zoo and Wild Mammal Formulary

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Historical development of the survivorship of zoo rhinoceroses—A comparative historical analysis

et al. 2023

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Zoo animal husbandry is a skill that should be developing constantly. In theory, this should lead to an improvement of zoo animal survivorship over time. Additionally, it has been suggested that species that are at a comparatively higher risk of extinction in their natural habitats (in situ) might also be more difficult to keep under zoo conditions (ex situ). Here, we assessed these questions for three zoo‐managed rhinoceros species with different extinction risk status allocated by the IUCN: the “critically endangered” black rhino (Diceros bicornis), the “vulnerable” greater one‐horned (GOH) rhino (Rhinoceros unicornis), and the “near threatened” white rhino (Ceratotherium simum). Comparing zoo animals ≥1 year of age, the black rhino had the lowest and the white rhino the highest survivorship, in congruence with their extinction risk status. Historically, the survivorship of both black and white rhino in zoos improved significantly over time, whereas that of GOH rhino stagnated. Juvenile mortality was generally low and decreased even further in black and white rhinos over time. Together with the development of population pyramids, this shows increasing competence of the global zoo community to sustain all three species. Compared to the continuously expanding zoo population of GOH and white rhinos, the zoo‐managed black rhino population has stagnated in numbers in recent years. Zoos do not only contribute to conservation by propagating ex situ populations, but also by increasing species‐specific husbandry skills. We recommend detailed research to understand specific factors responsible for the stagnation but also the general improvement of survivorship of zoo‐managed rhinos.

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Rhinoceridae (Rhinoceroses)

Cited by 17 publications

References 28 publications

Gyrostigma rhinocerontis (Diptera: Oestridae, Gasterophilinae) in white rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum) imported from South Africa: occurrence in Itatiba, São Paulo, Brazil

Gyrostigma rhinocerontis (Diptera: Oestridae, Gasterophilinae) in white rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum) imported from South Africa: occurrence in Itatiba, São Paulo, Brazil

Rhinoceroses

Historical development of the survivorship of zoo rhinoceroses—A comparative historical analysis

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