Rheological properties of irregular-shaped titanium-hydroxyapatite bimodal powder composite moulded by powder injection moulding

Mahmud, Nurul Nadiah; Azam, Farah Atiqah Abdul; Ramli, Mohd Ikram; Foudzi, Farhana Mohd; Ameyama, Kei; Sulong, Abu Bakar

doi:10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.02.016

Cited by 12 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…The relationship between temperature and viscosity has also been extensively researched [13,114,[133][134][135][136][137]. Equation ( 5), the Arrhenius equation, which states that the viscosity of the feedstock decreases as temperature rises, can be used to explain this temperature dependency of viscosity.…”

Section: Rheological Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research Progress on Low-Pressure Powder Injection Molding

et al. 2022

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Powder injection molding (PIM) is a well-known technique to manufacture net-shaped, complicated, macro or micro parts employing a wide range of materials and alloys. Depending on the pressure applied to inject the feedstock, this process can be separated into low-pressure (LPIM) and high-pressure (HPIM) injection molding. Although the LPIM and HPIM processes are theoretically similar, all steps have substantial differences, particularly feedstock preparation, injection, and debinding. After decades of focusing on HPIM, low-viscosity feedstocks with improved flowability have recently been produced utilizing low-molecular-weight polymers for LPIM. It has been proven that LPIM can be used for making parts in low quantities or mass production. Compared to HPIM, which could only be used for the mass production of metallic and ceramic components, LPIM can give an outstanding opportunity to cover applications in low or large batch production rates. Due to the use of low-cost equipment, LPIM also provides several economic benefits. However, establishing an optimal binder system for all powders that should be injected at extremely low pressures (below 1 MPa) is challenging. Therefore, various defects may occur throughout the mixing, injection, debinding, and sintering stages. Since all steps in the process are interrelated, it is important to have a general picture of the whole process which needs a scientific overview. This paper reviews the potential of LPIM and the characteristics of all steps. A complete academic and research background survey on the applications, challenges, and prospects has been indicated. It can be concluded that although many challenges of LPIM have been solved, it could be a proper solution to use this process and materials in developing new applications for technologies such as additive manufacturing and processing of sensitive alloys.

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Section: Rheological Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research Progress on Low-Pressure Powder Injection Molding

et al. 2022

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“…The injectable materials are either in a liquid (or sol) state before and during the injection or can exhibit shear-thinning properties and therefore can pass through a small gauge needle or a catheter. [30][31][32][33][34] The injected liquid undergoes gelation or hardening in-situ, allowing the formation of a three-dimensional substrate for cell proliferation, differentiation, and adhesion towards formation of new bone tissue. [35][36][37] Such scaffolds are able to fill in a bone defect of any shape.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Injectable scaffolds, on the other hand, are administered at the target site via minimally invasive surgical procedures, 24–29 thereby, reducing the size of incisions and the resulting scar. The injectable materials are either in a liquid (or sol) state before and during the injection or can exhibit shear‐thinning properties and therefore can pass through a small gauge needle or a catheter 30–34 . The injected liquid undergoes gelation or hardening in‐situ, allowing the formation of a three‐dimensional substrate for cell proliferation, differentiation, and adhesion towards formation of new bone tissue 35–37 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent advances on injectable nanocomposite hydrogels towards bone tissue rehabilitation

Phogat

Ghosh

Bandyopadhyay‐Ghosh

2022

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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There has been significant interest in the recent past to develop injectable hydrogel scaffolds that follow minimally invasive implantation procedures towards efficient healing and regeneration of defective bone tissues. Such scaffolds offer several advantages, as they can be injected into the irregularly shaped defect and can act as a low‐density aqueous reservoir, incorporating necessary components for bone tissue repair and augmentation. Considering that bone is a biocomposite of natural biopolymer and bioapatite nanofiller, there has been a growing trend to develop nanocomposite scaffolds by combining biopolymers and inorganic nanofillers to biomimic the hierarchical nanostructure and composition of natural bone. Furthermore, the nanocomposite scaffolds can be tailored to have patient‐specific bone properties, which can lead to better biological responses. The present article begins with the introduction, followed by an overview of polymer matrices, property requirements, and crosslinking techniques employed for injectable hydrogels. Various strategies to develop injectable composites, with emphasis on nanocomposite hydrogels incorporating bioinert and bioactive nanofillers have been discussed. The fundamental challenges related to the development of injectable hydrogel nanocomposite scaffolds and the research efforts directed towards solving these problems have also been reviewed. Finally, future trends and conclusions on new generation injectable hydrogel nanocomposite bone scaffolds have been discussed in this article.

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“…Due to the relatively low thermal conductivity (about 1/5 of iron) and Young's modulus (about half of iron) [5][6][7], the Ti-6Al-4V alloy is difficult to be processed by traditional methods, such as machining or forging. As one of the state-of-the-art advanced manufacturing technologies, metal injection molding (MIM) has become the major manufacturing technique for complex Ti-6Al-4V materials, with a relatively low-cost and near-net-shape process [8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. MIM combines the shape-making complexity of plastic injection molding with the material flexibility of powder metallurgy, which is composed of four sequential steps: mixing, injection molding, debinding, and sintering [15,16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrated Numerical Simulations and Experimental Measurements for the Sintering Process of Injection-Molded Ti-6Al-4V Alloy

Hong

Huang

et al. 2022

Materials

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Metal injection molding (MIM) is an advanced manufacturing technology that enables the mass production of high-performance and complex materials, such as the Ti-6Al-4V alloy. The determination of the size change and deformation of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy after the sintering process is challenging and critical for quality control. The numerical simulation could be a fast and cost-effective way to predict size change and deformation, given the large degrees of freedom for the sintering process. Herein, a finite element method based on the thermal-elastic-viscoplastic macroscopic model is developed to predict the shrinkage, deformation, relative density, and crack of injection-molded Ti-6Al-4V after sintering, using the Simufact software. Excellent agreements between experimental measurements and numerical simulations of the size and deformation are demonstrated (within a 3% error), confirming the accuracy of the numerical model. This approach can serve as a guideline for the mold design and sintering optimization of the MIM process.

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Rheological properties of irregular-shaped titanium-hydroxyapatite bimodal powder composite moulded by powder injection moulding

Cited by 12 publications

References 29 publications

Research Progress on Low-Pressure Powder Injection Molding

Research Progress on Low-Pressure Powder Injection Molding

Recent advances on injectable nanocomposite hydrogels towards bone tissue rehabilitation

Integrated Numerical Simulations and Experimental Measurements for the Sintering Process of Injection-Molded Ti-6Al-4V Alloy

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