Rheological, mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties of blends poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate), thermoplastic starch, and cellulose nanoparticles

Abstract

The objective of the present study was the preparation and characterization of poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) (PBAT) and thermoplastic starch (TPS) blends reinforced with cellulose nanoparticles (CNCs) by extrusion. The work was conducted in four steps. Initially, the CNCs were prepared from eucalyptus cellulose pulp by acid hydrolysis. The second step was the preparation of the nanocomposite (TPS‐CNC), composed of cassava starch, CNC, glycerol, and citric and stearic acids, by double screw extrusion. The third step was the preparation of PBAT/TPS‐CNC blends in twin‐screw extruders. In the fourth step, the films were produced by flat extrusion. Blends exhibited similar rheological behavior, increasing the CNC concentration in blends increased the viscosity as a function of the shear rate, and altered the behavior of the shear storage (G′) and shear loss (G″) curves as a function of the oscillation frequency (ω). The presence of CNC in blend provided improvements significant in mechanical properties, with 120% increase in Young's modulus, and 46% increase in maximum tensile. Thermal behavior (thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry) was altered with the incorporation of the CNC, showing a single melt peak (Tm) and a slight increase in Tg, indicating good dispersion between the phases of the blends, corroborating with the fracture surface microscopy of films.

Study on the role of tannic acid–calcium oxide adduct as a green heat stabilizer as well as reinforcing filler in the bio‐based hybrid polyvinyl chloride–thermoplastic starch polymer composite

“…[6,7] Thermoplastic starch (TPS) is one of such material which has huge potential as biopolymer. [8][9][10][11] The advantage of TPS is its easy processability. [12] The presence of glycerol in TPS acts as a plasticizer during processing with polyvinyl chloride (PVC).…”

PBAT/PLA/cellulose nanocrystals biocomposites compatibilized with polyethylene grafted maleic anhydride (PE‐g‐MA)

“…The coupling agent in ECOP2, ECOP5, ECOCP2, and ECOCP5 formulations increased in the PLA crystallization, and new endothermic peaks are observed at around 130°C for those samples, which refers to T m of the PE‐g‐MA. Silva et al 59 also report an increase in T g of PBAT blends using MA as a compatibilizer.…”

Carbohydrate Nanomaterials Addition to Starch‐Based Packaging: A Review about Fundamentals and Application

“…For example, PLA [ 87,88 ] and PBAT. [ 103 ] In these cases, the nanomaterials added helped to maintain the desired properties that could worsen with the starch source addition to the blends.…”