Rhamnetin: a review of its pharmacology and toxicity

Abstract

Objectives Numerous natural products, including rhamnetin, have been studied in recent years owing to the need for new herbal remedies to treat different illnesses. This study aimed to review the salient properties of rhamnetin and its pharmacological potential and possible toxicological effects. Key findings A search carried out in the ScienceDirect database using the term ‘rhamnetin’ yielded 573 articles published between 1977 and 2021. However, only those studies that mentioned pharmacological activity of rhamnetin were included in this study. As a result of this selection process, this study included reports that describe rhamnetin as a secondary metabolite with several pharmacological properties. Summary Rhamnetin (2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,5-dihydroxy-7-methoxychromen-4-one) is a secondary metabolite, belonging to the flavonoid class, present in various plants and fruits; it has different pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antiviral and antibacterial activity. However, conclusive results on the toxicology of rhamnetin have not been reported yet. Therefore, further research is needed to gather detailed information about the effects of rhamnetin.

Physicochemical Profile, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Honeys Produced in Minas Gerais (Brazil)

“…Kaempferide is a naturally occurring flavonoid that has been isolated from the roots of Alpinia officinarum [ 98 ]. Like other flavonoids, it has antioxidant properties, anticancer and antihypertensive effects [ 99 , 100 ] and studies have demonstrated that it helps preservation of cardiac function, reduction of oxidative stress, has anti-inflammatory effects, and aids in myocardial infarction size, and cardiomyocyte apoptosis in the case of a reperfusion injury schema [ 101 ].…”

Binding of Quercetin Derivatives toward G-Tetrads as Studied by the Survival Yield Method

“…Quercetin glycosides are also of special interest with respect to human health. For example, rutin is a common component of pharmaceuticals and dietary supplements − and isoquercetin can be used as an adjunct therapy agent during cancer treatment. , Other interesting quercetin derivatives are O-methylated conjugates, from which the most common are rhamnetin (7-O-methylquercetin) and isorhamnetin (3′-O-methylquercetin), which also may have a high value of development and application due to their pharmacological activities. , Other O-methylated quercetin conjugates are relatively rare but are also interesting with respect to their potential application, e.g., the presence of 3-O-methylquercetin in the leaves of Nicotiana tabacum L. may be interesting because there is a strong socioeconomic interest in finding an alternative use for tobacco …”

“…8,9 Other interesting quercetin derivatives are O-methylated conjugates, from which the most common are rhamnetin (7-O-methylquercetin) and isorhamnetin (3′-O-methylquercetin), which also may have a high value of development and application due to their pharmacological activities. 10,11 Other O-methylated quercetin conjugates are relatively rare but are also interesting with respect to their potential application, e.g., the presence of 3-O-methylquercetin in the leaves of Nicotiana tabacum L. may be interesting because there is a strong socioeconomic interest in finding an alternative use for tobacco. 12 Nucleic acid fragments rich in guanosine have a characteristic spatial structure with important biological properties.…”

Rhamnetin, a Natural Flavonoid, Ameliorates Organ Damage in a Mouse Model of Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii-Induced Sepsis

“…Natural compounds are generally less toxic than chemical compounds and are readily available in food. Secondary metabolites of plants are valuable resources; in particular, studies on their pharmacological properties are actively pursued [ 15 ].…”

“…Rhamnetin is a flavonoid derived from Rhamnus petiolaris , Coriandrum sativum , Syzygium aromaticum , and Prunus cerasus [ 25 ] and contains a methoxy group in ring A that provides better metabolic stability and pharmacological effects than non-methoxylated quercetin [ 15 ]. Methylation renders the structure sterically bulky, alters coplanarity, and reduces antioxidant capacity [ 26 ].…”