Revisiting the taxonomical classification of Porcine Circovirus type 2 (PCV2): still a real challenge

Franzo, Giovanni; Cortey, Martı́; Olvera, Àlex; Novosel, Dinko; Castro, Alessandra Marnie Martins Gomes de; Biagini, Philippe; Segalés, Joaquím; Drigo, Michele

doi:10.1186/s12985-015-0361-x

Cited by 67 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Given that previously recognized NJ p ‐distance methods that identified PCV2 genotype were questioned by Franzo et al,15 we explored the phylogenetic history of PCV3 based on recent outbreak strains 41, 42. For the genotype identification of PCV3, three different algorithms, NJ, ML, and MCC, were used and two stable clades were identified (PCV3a and PCV3b).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The genotype identification of PCV2 was first proposed by the European project in 2008 based on p ‐distance of neighbor joining (NJ) trees 14. However, it was questioned by Franzo et al and others12, 15, 16 when more sequences became available. Until now, there are three major confirmed genotypes including: PCV2a, PCV2b, and PCV2d, and two genotypes with low prevalence, PCV2c and PCV2e 16, 17, 18, 19.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Origin, Genetic Diversity, and Evolutionary Dynamics of Novel Porcine Circovirus 3

Zhu

et al. 2018

Advanced Science

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Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) is a novel virus associated with acute PDNS (porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome)‐like clinical signs identified by metagenomic sequencing from swine. Its high occurrence may pose a potential threat to the swine industry worldwide. The processes resulting in the emergence and spread of PCV3 remain poorly understood. Herein, the possible origin, genotypes, and evolutionary dynamics of PCV3 based on available genomic sequences are determined. The closest ancestor of PCV3 is found to be within the clade 1 bat CVs. Using different phylogenetic methods, two major genotypes are identified, PCV3a and PCV3b. It is found that the effective population size of PCV3 increased rapidly during late 2013 to early 2014 and this is associated with the diversification of PCV3a and PCV3b. A relatively high effective reproductive number (Re) value and higher evolutionary rate were found compared to other single‐stranded DNA viruses, and positive selection on codons 122 and 320 (24 of ORF2) is identified. It is hypothesized that this, together with the prediction of a potential change of an antigenic epitope at position 320, might have allowed PCV3 to escape from the host immune response. Overall, this study has important implications for understanding the ongoing PCV3 cases worldwide and will guide future efforts to develop effective preventive and control measures.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Origin, Genetic Diversity, and Evolutionary Dynamics of Novel Porcine Circovirus 3

Zhu

et al. 2018

Advanced Science

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“…Briefly, scan settings were adjusted according to RDP manual and recombination events were accepted if detected by at least 3 method with a p-value >10 −5 (with Bonferroni correction). Genotypization was then performed using a phylogenetic approach according to Franzo et al 15. and different databases were created according to genotype, host species and collection data.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This protein represents the only component of the viral capsid and has been proven to be the major target of the host immune response111213. ORF2-based classification criteria1415 have been collectively adopted to define PCV2 genotypes because of its higher phylogenetic signal and lower tendency to recombine.…”

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confidence: 99%

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) evolution before and after the vaccination introduction: A large scale epidemiological study

Franzo

Tucciarone

Cecchinato

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

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Since their commercialization, vaccines against Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) have been the cornerstone control strategy. Nevertheless, the periodic emergence of new genotype waves and the recent reports of vaccine failure outbreaks have raised the question if widespread vaccination strategies could have driven viral evolution and affected different genotype fitness. To investigate this issue an in-deep analysis, based on a bioinformatics and biostatistics approach, has been implemented. ORF2 sequences from vaccinated and non-vaccinated populations (i.e. domestic pigs before and after vaccine introduction and wild boars) were considered. The action of selective forces on PCV2 strains has been analyzed and compared among groups. Remarkable differences were found in the selective forces acting on viral populations circulating in different “immune environments”. Particularly for PCV2a, a directional selection promoting a change in the viral capsid away from the vaccine specific antigenic determinants has been detected after vaccine introduction. Involved amino acids were previously reported to be part of viral epitopes whose variability is responsible of immune escape. Our findings support a change in PCV2 evolutionary pattern after widespread vaccination introduction and stress once more the compulsoriness of a continuous monitoring of PCV2 epidemiology to promptly act in response to the emergence of possible vaccine-escaping mutants.

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“…Desde então, a infecção se mantém de forma endêmica na suinocultura tecnificada. O agente é o PCV2 e, desde a primeira identificação até o momento, foram descritos cinco genótipos virais diferentes (Franzo et al, 2015); os principais são: PCV2a e PCV2b, que mostram diferenças na virulência e estão distribuídos mundialmente (Ciacci-Zanella et al, 2009). Os efeitos, na forma de mortalidade ou definhamento de animais, foram devastadores, similares aos observados em praticamente todos os países afetados pela doença.…”

Section: Doenças Respiratóriasunclassified

Principais ameaças sanitárias endêmicas da cadeia produtiva de suínos no Brasil

Zanella

Morés

Barcellos

2016

Pesq. agropec. bras.

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Resumo -O Brasil se destaca por ser o quarto maior produtor e exportador de carne suína. A ocorrência de determinadas doenças na produção animal é um dos fatores mais importantes para a suinocultura. Os patógenos de suínos podem ser divididos em três grupos: agentes de doenças transmitidas por alimentos de origem animal; agentes de doenças de importância estratégica para o sistema de defesa sanitária; e agentes de doenças responsáveis por prejuízos na produção animal. Algumas enfermidades, como a peste suína clássica e a febre aftosa, impactam duramente o mercado exportador; doenças endêmicas ou enzoóticas deterioram os índices produtivos e aumentam o custo de produção, com perda da competitividade; e doenças transmitidas por alimentos, embora não afetem os índices produtivos, podem causar danos à saúde humana e prejudicar as relações comerciais. O Brasil, por ser um expoente na produção e na exportação de suínos e derivados, deve estar atento a alguns aspectos relacionados à infraestrutura laboratorial, às medidas de biossegurança e aos cuidados necessários para impedir que determinadas doenças, ainda exóticas, infectem o rebanho brasileiro. Este artigo de revisão aborda as principais doenças endêmicas ou enzoóticas que causam prejuízo à produção de carne suína no Brasil.Termos para indexação: defesa sanitária animal, doenças enzoóticas, sanidade animal, suinocultura, zoonose. Main endemic health threats in the swine production chain in BrazilAbstract -Brazil stands out as the fourth largest producer and exporter of pork. The occurrence of certain diseases in animal production is one of the most important factors for swine production. Swine pathogens can be divided into three groups: agents of foodborne illnesses of animal origin; agents of strategically important diseases for the health protection system; and agents of diseases responsible for losses in animal production. Some diseases, such as classical swine fever and foot-and-mouth disease, impact heavily the export market; endemic or enzootic diseases deteriorate production rates and increase production costs, reducing competitiveness; and foodborne illnesses, despite not affecting production indexes, can cause damages to human health and harm commercial relations. Brazil, being an exponent in the production and export of pork and derivatives, must be aware of some aspects related to laboratory infrastructure, biosecurity measures, and care necessary to prevent certain, still exotic, diseases from infecting the Brazilian herd. This review addresses the main endemic or enzootic diseases that cause losses in pork production in Brazil.

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Revisiting the taxonomical classification of Porcine Circovirus type 2 (PCV2): still a real challenge

Cited by 67 publications

References 47 publications

Origin, Genetic Diversity, and Evolutionary Dynamics of Novel Porcine Circovirus 3

Origin, Genetic Diversity, and Evolutionary Dynamics of Novel Porcine Circovirus 3

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) evolution before and after the vaccination introduction: A large scale epidemiological study

Principais ameaças sanitárias endêmicas da cadeia produtiva de suínos no Brasil

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