Revisiting kinos—An Australian perspective

The future is written: Impact of scripts on the cognition, selection, knowledge and transmission of medicinal plant use and its implications for ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology

“…Correlations between polyphenol rich, astringent drugs and their application against diarrhoea and skin diseases has been found in different cultural contexts and is an established principle of phytopharmacy and phytotherapy (Hänsel et al, 1999, pp. 870-890;Ankli et al, 1999;Leonti et al, 2002;Heinrich, 2003;Gollin, 2004;Locher and Currie, 2010). But while the Isthmus Sierra Zapotec seem to correlate the "bitter" sensation with a cold humoral state do the Sierra Popoluca perceive bitterness as a "hot" virtue (Frei et al, 1998b;Leonti et al, 2002).…”

Chemical characteristics and antimicrobial effects of some Eucalyptus kinos

“…They occur in a diverse range of plant families (e.g. Fabaceae, Polygonaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Myrtaceae) in different regions around the world (Locher and Currie, 2010;McGookin and Heilbron, 1926). Kino can form in pockets, 'veins' or sealed reservoirs throughout the wood after cambium injury caused by boring insects, fungal invasion, fire or mechanical injury (Jacobs, 1937;Penfold and Willis, 1961).…”

“…Medicinal applications of kinos to treat a range of conditions are documented from around the world (Cribb and Cribb, 1981;Ghisalberti, 1996;Lassak and McCarthy, 1983;Simmonds, 1895). In particular, parts of India, Africa, Jamaica and Australia were once major commercial suppliers (Lloyd, 1911;Locher and Currie 2010). In an Australian context, the most popular kino-yielding genus is the Eucalyptus with more than 600 species and even more subspecies (Lassak and McCarthy, 1983;Locher and Currie, 2010;Pengelly, 2003).…”

“…In particular, parts of India, Africa, Jamaica and Australia were once major commercial suppliers (Lloyd, 1911;Locher and Currie 2010). In an Australian context, the most popular kino-yielding genus is the Eucalyptus with more than 600 species and even more subspecies (Lassak and McCarthy, 1983;Locher and Currie, 2010;Pengelly, 2003). According to Maiden (1889b), all of these produce kinos, however to varying amounts.…”

Characterization of Pterocarpus erinaceus kino extract and its gamma-secretase inhibitory properties

“…Kinos are red or reddish tannin-rich exudates produced, either spontaneously or after incision, by several vegetal genera (mainly tropical trees), including Pterocarpus, but also Butea, Coccoloba, Eucalyptus, Myristica and Rhizophora (Locher and Currie, 2010); kinos are usually hydrosoluble, which distinguishes them from other red exudates, called dragon's bloods, which are insoluble in water (Gupta et al, 2008).…”