2020
DOI: 10.3390/jcm9051273
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Revisiting Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Pathology, Treatments, Challenges and Emerging Therapeutics Including Drug Leads from Natural Products

Abstract: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic and life-long disease characterized by gastrointestinal tract inflammation. It is caused by the interplay of the host’s genetic predisposition and immune responses, and various environmental factors. Despite many treatment options, there is no cure for IBD. The increasing incidence and prevalence of IBD and lack of effective long-term treatment options have resulted in a substantial economic burden to the healthcare system worldwide. Biologics targeting inflammator… Show more

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Cited by 97 publications
(84 citation statements)
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“…Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are two well-established forms of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) characterized as complex, immune-mediated disorders (2). Prior research has described the protective effects of helminth infections and specifically helminth-derived proteins on various IBD in animal models as well as placebo-controlled human clinical trials (3,4), suggesting the potential application of helminth infection or helminth-derived products in IBD therapy. Mechanistic studies to date have mainly focused on the roles of type 2 immunity mediated by Th2 and regulatory T cells (4)(5)(6).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are two well-established forms of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) characterized as complex, immune-mediated disorders (2). Prior research has described the protective effects of helminth infections and specifically helminth-derived proteins on various IBD in animal models as well as placebo-controlled human clinical trials (3,4), suggesting the potential application of helminth infection or helminth-derived products in IBD therapy. Mechanistic studies to date have mainly focused on the roles of type 2 immunity mediated by Th2 and regulatory T cells (4)(5)(6).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…None of the currently available treatments for IBD are curative, and some are associated with significant adverse drug reactions. 1,2 Today's drug treatments for IBD eventually fail to induce or maintain remission in about 30% of patients, which often leads to surgical procedures. 3 Although some promising novel small-molecule drugs (such as Janus kinase inhibitors) are now in clinical development, 4 the main conventional treatments for IBD are oral corticosteroids (eg, budesonide and prednisone), immunomodulators (eg, azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, and methotrexate), salicylates, and biologics (ie, monoclonal antibodies against cytokines or cytokine receptors, which may themselves be a risk factor for infection).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…7 In this context, specific nutritional interventions for preventing or treating IBD outcomes may be considered. 2 Zinc deficiency has been described in IBD patients; its prevalence ranges from 15% to 40% of patients and it is correlated with the level of inflammation. 8,9 Moreover, Zn is thought to be related to the inflammatory process because it reduces transmucosal leak in CD and decreases the number of pro-inflammatory cells.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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