Revisiting gender differences in ultimatum bargaining: experimental evidence from the US and China

Li, Shuwen; Qin, Xiangdong; Houser, Daniel

doi:10.1007/s40881-018-0054-5

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Previous studies suggest there might be sex differences: women are more generous [55], males trust more, but women are more trustworthy [58]. Evidence on sex differences in bargaining and punishment is mixed and there is some indication that the counterpart's sex might play a role in UG behaviour [59,60]. Thus, sexually dimorphic (biological) traits such as prenatal hormone exposure may potentially predict behaviour in these games.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Digit ratio (2D : 4D) and prosocial behaviour in economic games: no direct correlation with generosity, bargaining or trust-related behaviours

et al. 2019

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Prenatal exposure to sex hormones exerts organizational effects on the brain which have observable behavioural correlates in adult life. There are reasons to expect that social behaviours—fundamental for the evolutionary success of humans—might be related to biological factors such as prenatal sex hormone exposure. Nevertheless, the existing literature is inconclusive as to whether and how prenatal exposure to testosterone and oestrogen, proxied by the second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D : 4D), may predict non-selfish behaviour. Here, we investigate this question using economic experiments with real monetary stakes and analyse five different dimensions of social behaviour in a comparatively large sample of Caucasian participants ( n = 560). For both males and females, our results show no robust association between right- or left-hand 2D : 4D and generosity, bargaining or trust-related behaviours. Moreover, no differences in behaviour were found according to sex. We conclude that there is no direct correlation between 2D : 4D and these social behaviours.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Digit ratio (2D : 4D) and prosocial behaviour in economic games: no direct correlation with generosity, bargaining or trust-related behaviours

et al. 2019

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“…In the present study, the socio-cultural dimension of our sample of participants is homogenous and made up of young Iranian males with academic education. The choice to test participants without including both genders avoided the introduction of a gender effect discussed elsewhere in the literature (Eckel and Grossman, 2001 ; Servátka, 2009 ; Garćıa-Gallego et al, 2012 ; Li et al, 2018 ). Despite the evidence of altruistic tendencies in the Iranian people, such as willingness to pay for health services (Javan-Noughabi et al, 2017 ), organ donation (Abbasi et al, 2018 ), blood donation (Javadzadeh Shahshahani et al, 2006 ), moral sensitivity of nurses (Borhani et al, 2017 ; Amiri et al, 2020 ), the identification of the mechanisms associated with the perception of fairness has never been carefully investigated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrophysiological Markers of Fairness and Selfishness Revealed by a Combination of Dictator and Ultimatum Games

Miraghaie

Pouretemad

Villa

et al. 2022

Front. Syst. Neurosci.

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Individual behavior during financial decision making is motivated by fairness, but an unanswered question from previous studies is whether particular patterns of brain activity correspond to different profiles of fairness. Event Related Potentials (ERPs) were recorded from 39 participants who played the role of allocators in a Dictator Game (DG) and responders in an Ultimatum Game (UG). Two very homogeneous groups were formed by fair and selfish individuals. At fronto-central cortical sites, the latency of ERP early negativity (N1) was 10 ms shorter in selfish participants than in fair participants. In fair DG players, the subsequent positive wave P2 suggested that more cognitive resources were required when they allocated the least gains to the other party. P2 latency and amplitude in the selfish group supported the hypothesis that these participants tended to maximize their profit. During UG, we observed that medial frontal negativity (MFN) occurred earlier and with greater amplitude when selfish participants rejected less favorable endowment shares. In this case, all players received zero payoffs, which showed that MFN in selfish participants was associated with a spiteful punishment. At posterior-parietal sites, we found that the greater the selfishness, the greater the amplitude of the late positive component (LPC). Our results bring new evidence to the existence of specific somatic markers associated with the activation of distinct cerebral circuits by the evaluation of fair and unfair proposals in participants characterized by different expressions of perceived fairness, thus suggesting that a particular brain dynamics could be associated with moral decisions.

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“…In the present study, the socio-cultural dimension of our sample of participants is homogenous and made up of young Iranian males with an academic education. The choice to test participants without including both genders avoided the introduction of a gender effect discussed elsewhere in the literature (Eckel and Grossman, 2001; Servátka, 2009; García-Gallego et al, 2012; Li et al, 2018). Despite the evidence of altruistic tendencies in the Iranian people, such as willingness to pay for health services (Javan-Noughabi et al, 2017), organ donation (Abbasi et al, 2018), blood donation (Javadzadeh Shahshahani et al, 2006), moral sensitivity of nurses (Borhani et al, 2017; Amiri et al, 2020), the identification of the mechanisms associated with the perception of fairness has never been carefully investigated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrophysiological Markers of Fairness and Selfishness Revealed by a Combination of Dictator and Ultimatum Games

Miraghaie

Pouretemad

Villa

et al. 2021

Preprint

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In the framework of neuroeconomics, Event Related Potentials (ERPs) were recorded during a combination of a Dictator Game (DG), in which the participants always played the role of Allocators, and an Ultimatum Game (UG), in which the participants always played the role of Responders. Behavioral analysis showed that the majority of participants were characterized by very low levels of altruistic decision making, which included two homogenous groups of individuals, one expressing fairness (GrpF, about 26%) and one selfish behavior (GrpS, about 20%). In the analysis of both games, an early negativity (N1) in the fronto-central cortical sites distinguished the GrpF and GrpS participants. The subsequent P2 wave component appeared more associated with the characteristics of the stimulus than with its behavioral value. During UG, we observed that a medial frontal negativity (MFN) occurred earlier and with greater amplitude in GrpS than in GrpF, which depended to a large extent to a spiteful punishment when the Responder refused offers less favorable for himself. The late positive component (LPC) of ERP recorded in posterior-parietal cortical sites was evoked earlier and with greater amplitude during UG than in DG and, in both games, LPC was evoked earlier and with greater amplitude in GrpS than in GrpF. Our results bring new evidence to the existence of different circuits activated by the evaluation of fair and unfair proposals in participants characterized by different expressions of perceived fairness, thus suggesting that particular brain dynamics could be associated with moral decisions.

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Revisiting gender differences in ultimatum bargaining: experimental evidence from the US and China

Cited by 9 publications

References 22 publications

Digit ratio (2D : 4D) and prosocial behaviour in economic games: no direct correlation with generosity, bargaining or trust-related behaviours

Digit ratio (2D : 4D) and prosocial behaviour in economic games: no direct correlation with generosity, bargaining or trust-related behaviours

Electrophysiological Markers of Fairness and Selfishness Revealed by a Combination of Dictator and Ultimatum Games

Electrophysiological Markers of Fairness and Selfishness Revealed by a Combination of Dictator and Ultimatum Games

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