Revisiting a century-old Freudian slip--From suggestion disavowed to the truth repressed.

Bowers, Kenneth S.; Farvolden, Peter

doi:10.1037/0033-2909.119.3.355

Cited by 65 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 192 publications

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“…However, the relationship between imagination inflation and hypnotizability supports the contention that imagined events that are later believed to originatewith perceptual experience are those that require little effort for creation. Highly hypnotizable subjects often report experiencing imagined sensations as detached from volitional control and thereby experience them as originating outside the body (e.g., "I just found myself moving my hand without knowing it"; Bowers & Farvolden, 1996;Hilgard, 1965;Kihlstrom, 1987). Although this type of experience is characteristic of dissociative subj ects as well (Cardena, 1994), dissociativity and hypnotizability each independently predicted imagination inflation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individual differences in imagination inflation

Heaps

Nash

1999

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review

159

110

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Garry, Manning, Loftus, and Sherman (1996) found that when adult subjects imagined childhood events, these events were subsequentlyjudged as more likely to have occurred than were not-imagined events, The authors termed this effect imagination inflation, We replicated the effect, using a novel set of Life Events Inventory events. Further, we tested whether the effect is related to four subject characteristics possibly associated with false memory creation. The extent to which subjects inflated judged likelihood following imagined events was associated with indices of hypnotic suggestibility and dissociativity, but not with vividness of imagery or interrogative suggestibility. Results suggest that imagination plays a role in subsequent likelihood judgments regarding childhood events, and that some individuals are more likely than others to experience imagination inflation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individual differences in imagination inflation

Heaps

Nash

1999

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review

159

110

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“…Despite serious questions regarding the accuracy of memories recovered during hypnosis (Loftus, 1993;Loftus, Garry, Brown, & Rader, 1994;Schooler, Bendiksen, & Ambadar, 1997), for instance, laypeople place considerable weight on the thoughts and memories it elicits (Green & Lynn, 2005). Moreover, patients believe recovered memories offer self-insight only to the extent that those memories appear to have been spontaneously recovered during therapy rather than suggested by their support group or therapist (Bowers & Farvolden, 1996). Note that in all cases, the recovery (or construction) of memories is a process initiated by the patient at the direction of the group or therapist.…”

Section: The (Perceived) Meaning Of Spontaneous Thoughtmentioning

confidence: 99%

The (perceived) meaning of spontaneous thoughts.

Morewedge

Giblin

Norton³

2014

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

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Spontaneous thoughts, the output of a broad category of uncontrolled and inaccessible higher order mental processes, arise frequently in everyday life. The seeming randomness by which spontaneous thoughts arise might give people good reason to dismiss them as meaningless. We suggest that it is precisely the lack of control over and access to the processes by which they arise that leads people to perceive spontaneous thoughts as revealing meaningful self-insight. Consequently, spontaneous thoughts potently influence judgment. A series of experiments provides evidence supporting two hypotheses. First, we hypothesize that the more a thought is perceived to be spontaneous, the more it is perceived to provide meaningful self-insight. Participants perceived more spontaneous kinds of thought (e.g., intuition) to reveal greater self-insight than did more controlled kinds of thought in Study 1 (e.g., deliberation). In Studies 2 and 3, participants perceived thoughts with the same content and target to reveal greater self-insight when spontaneously rather than deliberately generated (i.e., childhood memories and impressions formed). Second, we hypothesize that the greater self-insight attributed to thoughts that are (perceived to be) spontaneous leads those thoughts to more potently influence judgment. Participants felt more sexually attracted to an attractive person whom they thought of spontaneously than deliberately in Study 4, and reported their commitment to a current romantic relationship would be more affected by the spontaneous rather than deliberate recollection of a good or bad experience with their romantic partner in Study 5.

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“…At the same time, as pointed out for example by Bowers and Farvolden (1996), it is definitely not the case that clients will accept just any interpretation. Whether the client accepts an interpretation or not will depend on the degree to which it fits with his or her beliefs, thoughts, and feelings.…”

Section: Therapists' and Clients' Interpersonal Actionsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…As formulated by Bowers and Farvolden (1996), it is impossible for a therapist to engage in suggestion-free psychotherapy, in the same way that it is impossible for a physicist to observe electrons without disturbing them in the process. If so, it is of paramount importance that the therapist is aware of these forms of influence; otherwise he or she will produce effects that are not well understood and may even result in adverse iatrogenic effects.…”

Section: Therapists' and Clients' Interpersonal Actionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Search for Common Factors in Psychotherapy: Two Theoretical Models with Different Empirical Implications

Lundh¹

2014

PBS

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Abstract:The difficulties of demonstrating that any specific form of psychotherapy is more effective than any other has led to the formulation of the so-called Dodo Bird Verdict (that all forms of therapy are equally effective) and to the suggestion that what really matters for therapeutic efficiency are factors that are common to different forms of therapy. The term "common factors", however, is seldom defined in an unambiguous way. In this paper, two different models of "common factors" are differentiated, and their implications are compared. The first model is referred to as the Relational-Procedural Persuasion (RPP) model and is primarily based on the writings of Frank and Wampold; according to this model effective psychotherapy requires a good therapeutic relationship, a specified therapeutic procedure, and a rhetorically skilful psychotherapist who persuades the client of a new explanation that provides new perspectives and meanings in life. The contents of these procedures and perspectives, however, are less important -according to this model, the treatment procedures are beneficial to the client because of the meaning attributed to these procedures rather than because of the specific nature of the procedures. The other model, the Methodological Principles and Skills (MPS) model, is based on the assumption that effective psychotherapy relies on common methodological principles that are instantiated in various ways in different forms of psychotherapy, and on the therapist's capacity of applying these principles in a skillful way. According to this model, method matters, and it is possible to improve existing methods. Whereas the MPS model carries a hope for the improvement of psychotherapy, the RPP model implies a more pessimistic view of psychotherapy as forever bound by the limits of the Dodo Bird Verdict. It is concluded that psychotherapy research may benefit from using the MPS model as a working hypothesis, but that a comprehensive model of common factors in psychotherapy also needs to integrate important insights from the RPP model, as well as an understanding of the structural characteristics that psychotherapy shares with other kinds of social interaction.

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Revisiting a century-old Freudian slip--From suggestion disavowed to the truth repressed.

Cited by 65 publications

References 192 publications

Individual differences in imagination inflation

Individual differences in imagination inflation

The (perceived) meaning of spontaneous thoughts.

The Search for Common Factors in Psychotherapy: Two Theoretical Models with Different Empirical Implications

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