Revision of Drusinae subfamily (Trichoptera, Limnephilidae): divergence by paraproct and paramere: speciation in isolation by integration

Abstract

Abstract.In the last few years we have described over 70 new incipient sibling limnephild species applying the discovered Trichoptera speciation traits of the paraproct and paramere for species recognition and delimitation. In this revision on Drusinae subfamily, comprising 177 species, we have applied these subtle, but rapid and stable speciation traits and described 49 new sibling species from the "well studied" European mountain ranges. Discussing the theoretical background we have elaborated and adapted a new character state ranking system of phenomics to revise the long-neglected taxonomy of the Drusinae subfamily and synonymised the Cryptothrix, Monocentra, Metanoea, Leptodrusus, Anomalopterygella, Hadimina genera with the Drusus genus. These old genera of artificial constructs were established exclusively by divergences of secondary sexual traits known already to have only species level ranking value. According to our new character ranking system in the Drusinae subfamily, beside the Drusus genus, only the Ecclisopteryx genus has been retained having robust generic level divegences of paraproct loss and ancestral duplication of spine organising centre on the paramere pattern. Speciation trait function of the peg-packed surface on the paraproct head in Drusus genus moved to the gonopod apices and integrated into variously shaped stimulatory organ in the Ecclisopteryx genus. In the Drusus genus the ancestral divergence of the single spine organising centre has integrated 11 species groups with remarkably stable paramere spine pattern. Based upon ancestral divergences in the paraproct architecture we have differenciated 28 species complexes inside the 11 species groups. The delineation of the 163 mostly incipient siblings species, inside the 28 species complexes with 44 new Drusus species, was based primarily on the divergences of speciation trait, that is in the stimulatory head shape of the apical arms on the dorsal branches of the paraproct. In the Ecclisopteryx genus with 14 species we have established two independent lineages both with a single species, as well as two species complexes with five new species applying the speciation trait of the genus, that is the shape divergence of the stimulatory organ on the dorsoapical surface of the gonopods.Based on the Darwinian natural selection, we do not understand how the discovered 70+49 new European incipient phylogenetic species of limnephilid caddisflies have been evolved in the isolated sky island habitats of high mountain ranges. This isolation induced speciation represents a challenge to the mechanistic reductionist concept of the natural selection. Our first trial to extract information from various disciplines to answer this question is presented in a brief theoretical discourse: (1) rethinking the status of natural selection towards postdarwinism; (2) teleology or teleonomy; (3) limits and potentials in understanding reality; (4) organisation of universe by integration; (5) what are and how the organising forces are powered to work in the emerging en...

First record of Triaenodes bicolor (Curtis, 1834) (Insecta: Trichoptera) from the Ecoregion Hellenic Western Balkans

“…More than 200 localities in lakes, streams and rivers all over Kosovo were surveyed during the nine year period (2008 -2016) for Trichoptera (e.g. Gashi et al, 2015;Gashi & Ibrahimi, 2008;Ibrahimi et al, 2014aIbrahimi et al, , 2014bIbrahimi et al, , 2015aIbrahimi et al, , 2015bIbrahimi et al, , 2016aIbrahimi et al, , 2016bOláh et al, , 2015 and Brezne Lake is the only locality where this species has been found so far. Notwithstanding a few records in Slovenia (Urbanič, 2001) and Bulgaria (Kumanski, 1985), the species seems to be almost completely absent from southeastern Europe according to the current knowledge (Daet, 2017;Fig.…”

Trichoptera endemic in the Carpathian Basin and the adjacent areas

“…Drusus fortos Ibrahimi et Oláh, 2017 -Oláh et al (2017: 155-157): "Th e lateral profi le of the fused dorsal branches of paraproct has short dorsoapical digitiform process with medium thickness, most similar to name bearing species D. siveci, but diff ers by having variously produced hump on the apical margin of the paraproct, completely lacking at D. siveci; by the slightly anterad turning and tapering apex of the fused digitiform dorsoapical process, vertical and not tapering at D. siveci; and the very tip of the fused dorsal branches of the paraproct is entirely fused into a narrow and straight pencil-like black process without any mesal suture, that is the vestigium of the fusion surface completely disappeared as visible in caudal view, the tip is bilobed and the mesal suture is discernible both at D. siveci and at D. vekon sp. nov. Th e subapical spine of the paramere is robust bearing small dorsal spine or corrugations.…”

“…Misidentifi cation in part. Specimens from the the Pirin Mts see Drusus pirinensis Oláh et Chvojka, 2017.…”

“…hung. 78, 2017 Drusus puskasi Oláh et Ibrahimi, 2017 Drusus puskasi Oláh et Ibrahimi, 2017 -Oláh et al (2017: 157): "Th e lateral profi le of the fused dorsal branches of paraproct has short, stout and slightly anterad turning dorso-apical digitiform process, most similar to the name bearing species D. siveci, but diff ers by having small hump on the apical margin of the paraproct; by the anterad turning and tapering apex of the fused digitiform dorsoapical process; by the very tip that is hardly bilobed just the mesal suture is discernible. Th e subapical spine of the paramere is short robust, not long and bearing additional variously shaped small spine-like for-mation on middle dorsum.…”

“…Drusus vekon Ibrahimi et Oláh, 2017 -Oláh et al (2017: 158-159): "Th e lateral profi le of the fused dorsal branches of paraproct has long and slender dorsoapical digitiform process, most similar to D. fortos sp. nov., but diff ers by the anterad turning slender, long and tapering apex of the fused digitiform dorsoapical process, and the very tip of the fused dorsal branches of the paraproct is not completely fused, the tip is bilobed and the mesal suture is discernible that is the vestigium of the fusion surface present and visible in caudal view, Th e subapical spine of the paramere long and robust and frequently more complex, than the subapical spine of D. fortos.…”