Revisión: Implicaciones toxicológicas y nutricionales de la toxina T-2 / Review: Toxicological and nutritional implications of T-2 toxin

Abstract

Qro. 76049 México * Los tricotecenos son micotoxinas producidas por especies del genero Fiisniiimi, yue se asocian con _ ciertos problemas de salud tanto en humanos como en animales. Los tricotecenos mas comunes en los cereales son el deoxinivalenol, la toxina HT-2, el diacetoxiscirpenol, el nivalenol, el neosolaniol y la toxina T-2, siendo esta ultima toxina la mis estudiada por su facilidad para producirse en el laboratorio. La toxicosis causada por la T-2 se caracteriza por una dermatonecrosis, disminucion de la ganancia de peso y la biodegradacion de los alimentos, diarreas severas, hemorragias y necrosis del tracto gastrointestinal, anemia, inmunodeficiencia, y ademas en el caso de . _ las aves, un plumaje pobre. Esta revisi6n incluye información sobre la presencia, las caracteris-.. ticas quimicas, la toxicidad, las alteraciones metabdlicas, la biotraiisformaci6ii y los metodos de descontaminaci6n de la toxina T-2. ' Pfilfibifis cl17'uc: toxina T-2, tricotecenos, micotoxinas, nutrición, biotransformación, descoiitaniinac]6iiTrichothecenes are mycotoxins produced by species of the genus Fusarium. These toxins are associated with health problems in humans and animals. The most common trichothecenes in cereals are deoxynivalenol, HT-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol, nivalenol, neosolaniol and T-2 toxin; the latter is the most widely studied because it is easy to produce in the laboratory. The effects of T-2 toxicosis include dermatonecrosis, reduced body weight and efficiency of food utilization, severe diarrhoea, haemorrhage, necrosis of the upper alimentary tract, anaemia, immunosuppression ; and in birds, poor feathering. This paper reviews the latest information about the occurrence, chemical characteristics, toxicity, metabolic alterations, biotransformation and detoxification methods of the T-2 toxin. INTRODUCCIONLas micotoxinas son metabolitos secundarios producidos por los hongos microsc6picos que crecen en granos de cereales, nueces, soja o varios otros cultivos incluyendo las frutas (Apsimon, 1994). La ingestion de alimentos contaminados con micotoxinas causa enfermedades conocidas como micotoxicosis, que representan un importante problema de salud por los diversos cambios que producen en el organismo que los ha ingerido. Por su diversidad estrucW ral las micotoxinas pueden reaccionar con un gran numero de receptores, incluyendo el DNA, el RNA, las protemas funcionales, los cofactores enzimaticos y los constituyentes de la membrana, ocasionando modificaciones en el citoesqueleto, en la diferenciaci6n celular, en la actividad hormonal, asi como en la smtesis macromolecular y bioenerg6tica (Apsimon, 1994). * To wholll coi-i-cst7oiitic)ice should IO' sell!.

Immunosensors for Assay of Toxic Biological Warfare Agents

“…A total of 18 structurally close groups of toxins are on the list. Abrin (a protein toxalbumin from the plant Abrus pulchellus ) [ 21 ], aflatoxins (a low molecular weight mycotoxins from molds Aspergillus species) [ 22 ], botulinum toxins (all variants, protein toxins from the bacterium Clostridium botulinum ) [ 23 ], cholera toxin (a protein toxin from the bacterium Vibrio cholerae ) [ 24 ], Clostridium perfringens toxins (protein α, β1, β2, ε, ι toxins from bacterium Clostridium perfringens ) [ 25 ], conotoxins (a group of toxic peptides from marine cone snail, genus Conus ) [ 26 ], diacetoxyscirpenol (a low molecular weight mycotoxin from a group of trichothecenes and produced by the Fusarium fungi) [ 27 ], HT-2 toxin (a trichothecene mycotoxin produced by various fungi mainly of Fusarium species) [ 28 ], microcystins (cyanotoxins, a group of organic compounds produced by cyanobacteria) [ 29 ], modeccin (a glycoprotein from plant Adenia digitata ), ricin (a carbohydrate binding protein from plant Ricinus communis ) [ 30 ], saxitoxin (a cyanotoxin from various cyanobacteria, organic compound) [ 31 ], Shiga toxins (including Shiga-like toxins, verotoxins and verocytotoxins, a group of protein toxins from Shigella dysenteriae and some serotypes of Escherichia coli ) [ 32 ], Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins (including hemolysin α-toxin and toxic shock syndrome toxin, a group of protein toxins from bacterium Staphylococcus aureus ), T-2 toxin (a trichothecene mycotoxin produced by various fungi mainly of Fusarium species) [ 33 ], tetrodotoxin (a neurotoxin organic substance produced by bacteria like Pseudoalteromonas , Pseudomonas , and Vibrio , it can be transmitted to other water organisms) [ 34 ], viscumin (viscumin albumin lectin 1, toxic lectins from mistletoe plant Viscum album ) [ 35 ], and volkensin (a toxic glycoprotein from Adenia volkensii plant) [ 36 ] are regulated substances according to the Australia Group. The mentioned toxins are given in Table 1 .…”