Revised scales for sanitary accommodation in offices

Davidson, Peter; Courtney, Roger

doi:10.1016/0360-1323(76)90019-6

Cited by 9 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Besides, fluctuations of air pressures were associated with the transient use of flushes in this stack. It was noted that higher demands of flushes were reported at a period close to the opening hour (0900), lunch hour (1230) and close hour (1800), where the peak demands were more sharply defined at these short periods [14]. It was believed that the air pressure fluctuations at a discharging stack were closely related to the demands of WC flushing [7].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Air Pressure Fluctuations of Drainage Stacks at a High-rise Office Building

Liao

Mui

Cheng

et al. 2011

Indoor and Built Environment

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This study examines air pressure variations along a discharging stack with unsteady discharging flow rates, including the fluctuation frequency, the maximum and average pressures with their respective standard deviations at a drainage stack of an in-use office building. With a modified constant, the maximum air pressure at the drainage stack could be described by the probability density function of the measured data using earlier proposed mathematical expressions for steady discharging flow rates. The average prediction and the maximum under-prediction of the absolute peak pressure were determined with the margin of errors taken within certain confidence levels. The results would be useful for understanding the air pressure in drainage stacks and help increase the potential of installing a real-time monitoring system in a high-rise drainage stack.

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Air Pressure Fluctuations of Drainage Stacks at a High-rise Office Building

Liao

Mui

Cheng

et al. 2011

Indoor and Built Environment

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…A simple queuing process was used to quantify the service provided by certain sanitary provisions as shown in Figure 2 (Davidson and Courtney, 1976, 1980; Wistort, 1995; Wong and Yau, 2004). The process assumes the first‐use appliance of the users is a WC, which is associated with a longest service time in comparing with a washbasin or a face towel station in a typical washroom for shopping malls.…”

Section: Queuing Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…before lunch) and schools (e.g. breaks between classes), but remain relatively low for other periods (Davidson and Courtney, 1976, 1980). However, such demands in a shopping mall depend very much on the nature of activities held there, the composition of its retailers and the length of time a customer spends in the facility, presenting considerable uncertainty regarding the arrival distribution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Queuing theory has been applied in evaluating the provision of toilets for well‐defined usage patterns with an arbitrary choice of limiting failure rate λ (Dshalalow, 1995; Green and Smith, 1976; Wistort, 1995; Davidson and Courtney, 1976, 1980). Arrival patterns and service time in Poisson distribution were assumed and the WC provision with a limiting failure rate of 0.01 was determined for offices and institutional buildings.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Modelling water closet demand in shopping centres

Wong

Yau²

2005

Facilities

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

PurposeTo quantify water closet (WC) provisions in shopping malls in order to help building professionals to determine effective sanitary designs at certain service standards in terms of the user's probable waiting time.Design/methodology/approachThe proposed WC provision takes account of the probable waiting time corresponding to certain demand patterns of shopping malls. The probable waiting time for a WC and the failure rate of the closet in providing immediate service to the users at various WC provision levels described by a simple queuing process are evaluated by the Monte Carlo simulations. Model parameters such as the maximum waiting time expected by the users, the frequency distributions of the time between user arrivals and the service time at sanitary facilities were determined from a survey of a large shopping mall in Hong Kong.FindingsThe suitable provision of WCs was determined by the user's acceptable waiting time, and compared with those provision levels determined by the limiting failure rate of providing immediate service.Research limitations/implicationsThe model parameters are not exhaustive, with assumptions made for the queuing process of washroom users and have only been determined from a recent survey in Hong Kong, which perhaps will limit the model's usefulness elsewhere.Practical implicationsA useful source of reference in planning the sanitary facilities of shopping malls for various user demands. The methodology can be used in a modified form for most building types.Originality/valueThis paper proposes mathematical expressions for WC provision in shopping malls and presents a template to determine the required model parameters. The model offers practical help to professionals involved in planning, designing and managing the sanitary facilities of shopping malls.

show abstract

“…breaks between classes), but the demand remains relatively low for the rest of the day. 12 It is difficult to quantify the provision of sanitary accommodation for casual users in shopping centres. The existing methodology does not refer to the arrival patterns from the design occupant load patterns in shopping centres.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling sanitary demands for occupant loads in shopping centres of Hong Kong

Mui

Wong

Lam

2009

Building Services Engineering Research and Technology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This paper presents a quantitative mathematical model of sanitary demands from occupants in shopping complexes. In-situ measurements and interview surveys with occupants were conducted in typical local shopping malls in order to determine the model parameters for their visiting patterns, load patterns, demand patterns and their preferred or acceptable duration for waiting and using water closets (WCs). The model is used to assess the probable acceptance of sanitary facilities towards the acceptable amount of time for waiting at a typical female washroom designed for an occupant load of 600 occupants in a shopping mall. The results showed that the current sanitary provisions for female washrooms in local shopping malls could meet occupants’ minimum expectation, while with an additional 33% of WC, the sanitary would fully satisfy ‘all’ occupants in terms of amount of time for waiting. Practical applications: This paper presents a quantitative mathematical model of sanitary demands from a group of building occupants. This model is applied to evaluate the performance of sanitary provisions at typical female washrooms in Hong Kong shopping malls and to quantify the provisions required to achieve the most acceptable amount of time for waiting to their users.

show abstract

Revised scales for sanitary accommodation in offices

Cited by 9 publications

References 0 publications

Air Pressure Fluctuations of Drainage Stacks at a High-rise Office Building

Air Pressure Fluctuations of Drainage Stacks at a High-rise Office Building

Modelling water closet demand in shopping centres

Modelling sanitary demands for occupant loads in shopping centres of Hong Kong

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About