Revised estimates for the number of human and bacteria cells in the body

Sender, Ron; Fuchs, Shai; Milo, Ron

doi:10.1101/036103

Cited by 1,002 publications

(672 citation statements)

References 73 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

641

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…The Unsuspected Input from Intestinal Microflora to Successful Cancer Immunotherapy The Gut Microbiota and Immune ''Fitness'' Recent estimates suggest that the human cells in our bodies are outnumbered by bacteria (Sender et al, 2016), the majority of which inhabit the gut. Through a significant degree of coevolution, gut microbiota thrive in a mutually beneficial, symbiotic relationship with the host.…”

Section: Background Chronic Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resistance Mechanisms to Immune-Checkpoint Blockade in Cancer: Tumor-Intrinsic and -Extrinsic Factors

Pitt¹,

Vétizou²,

Daillère³

et al. 2016

Immunity

844

649

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Inhibition of immune regulatory checkpoints, such as CTLA-4 and the PD-1-PD-L1 axis, is at the forefront of immunotherapy for cancers of various histological types. However, such immunotherapies fail to control neoplasia in a significant proportion of patients. Here, we review how a range of cancer-cell-autonomous cues, tumor-microenvironmental factors, and host-related influences might account for the heterogeneous responses and failures often encountered during therapies using immune-checkpoint blockade. Furthermore, we describe the emerging evidence of how the strong interrelationship between the immune system and the host microbiota can determine responses to cancer therapies, and we introduce a concept by which prior or concomitant modulation of the gut microbiome could optimize therapeutic outcomes upon immune-checkpoint blockade.

show abstract

Section: Background Chronic Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resistance Mechanisms to Immune-Checkpoint Blockade in Cancer: Tumor-Intrinsic and -Extrinsic Factors

Pitt¹,

Vétizou²,

Daillère³

et al. 2016

Immunity

844

649

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The commensal bacteria microsystem in humans consists of 3.9 × 10^13 bacteria, indicating that the number of bacteria in our bodies represents the same order as the number of our eukaryotic cells [1]. A view that bacterial species exceed the number of human cell types up to five times has been accepted for a long time, however, recent work has debunked this notion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Interactions between the gut microbiome and the central nervous system and their role in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and depression

Chrobak¹,

Nowakowski²,

Dudek³

2016

Arch Psych Psych

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SummaryThe microbiome co-evolved with its human host over a long time and became essential for many processes. Bacteria play a role in maintaining human health as they digest food, produce vitamins and participate in the regulation of metabolism. By influencing the cytokine balance along with the composition and activity of leukocytes, they constantly interact with the immune system, affecting innate and adaptive immune homeostasis. A growing number of studies indicate that the microbiome in the human intestine may have an impact on the functions of the central nervous system (CNS), through identified pathways called the gut-brain axis. Recent data show that the human microbiome ecosystem interferes with the brain's development, central signaling systems and behavior. It has been proposed that disruption in the human microbiome may affect the course of psychiatric disorders. The aim of this review is to summarize the recognized pathways of the gut-brain axis that have been thoroughly studied in animal models and to evaluate the role of the dialogue between the microbiota and the central nervous system in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and depression. microbiome/gut-brain axis/vagus nerve/neurotransmission/hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis

show abstract

“…The latest edition of Brock's microbiology, the most commonly employed textbook in the undergraduate microbiology course includes just the calculation of growth rate in the chapter on microbial metabolism (Madigan et al 2015). Several reports (Bergevin 2010;Feser, Vasaly, and Herrera 2013;Marsteller 2010), books Phillips, Kondev, and Theriot 2016), examples (Alberty 1991;Flamholz et al 2014;Milo 2013;Planinšič and Vollmer 2008;Sender, Fuchs, and Milo 2016;Shastri and Morgan 2004;Torres 1998) and online tools (Adamec 2017;J. L. Koenig 2017;Shah et al 2013;"Math Bench" 2016;"QUBESHome" 2016; "Science in the Classroom" 2017) have been published showcasing the importance of quantitative approach in biological studies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elucidating the Importance of Numeracy Skills for Undergraduate Students in Life Sciences Using the Oxygen Requirement in Yeast as an Example

Raghavendran¹,

Olavarria²,

Gombert³

2018

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

2Current education in biology is devoid of mathematics in many countries, probably because many relevant biological processes are explained from a qualitative point of view rather than addressing the quantitative aspects of these phenomena. Here, we employ a case study from the yeast physiology to illustrate the importance of numeracy skills for a deeper understanding of relevant biological problems. Yeast anaerobic growth on sugars is a widespread process as it is the basis for beer, bread, and winemaking and it is much akin to lactic acid fermentation in muscle cells in response to an increased energy demand. To study the physiology of yeasts under controlled conditions and being able to compare the results quantitatively, one ought to perform measurements and calculations involving concentrations of oxygen, biomass, and organic compounds. To set-up an "anaerobic" culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in a defined medium, one needs to calculate how much oxygen must enter the cultivation system, to meet the requirements for ergosterol and oleic acid biosyntheses, both of which require oxygen. Using basic physicochemical principles and simple mathematical skills, students will be able to compute the oxygen requirement for yeast growth under such "anaerobic" conditions.

show abstract

Revised estimates for the number of human and bacteria cells in the body

Cited by 1,002 publications

References 73 publications

Resistance Mechanisms to Immune-Checkpoint Blockade in Cancer: Tumor-Intrinsic and -Extrinsic Factors

Resistance Mechanisms to Immune-Checkpoint Blockade in Cancer: Tumor-Intrinsic and -Extrinsic Factors

Interactions between the gut microbiome and the central nervous system and their role in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and depression

Elucidating the Importance of Numeracy Skills for Undergraduate Students in Life Sciences Using the Oxygen Requirement in Yeast as an Example

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About