Interactions between the gut microbiome and the central nervous system and their role in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and depression

Abstract

SummaryThe microbiome co-evolved with its human host over a long time and became essential for many processes. Bacteria play a role in maintaining human health as they digest food, produce vitamins and participate in the regulation of metabolism. By influencing the cytokine balance along with the composition and activity of leukocytes, they constantly interact with the immune system, affecting innate and adaptive immune homeostasis. A growing number of studies indicate that the microbiome in the human intestine may have an impact on the functions of the central nervous system (CNS), through identified pathways called the gut-brain axis. Recent data show that the human microbiome ecosystem interferes with the brain's development, central signaling systems and behavior. It has been proposed that disruption in the human microbiome may affect the course of psychiatric disorders. The aim of this review is to summarize the recognized pathways of the gut-brain axis that have been thoroughly studied in animal models and to evaluate the role of the dialogue between the microbiota and the central nervous system in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and depression. microbiome/gut-brain axis/vagus nerve/neurotransmission/hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis

Understanding the Role of the Gut Microbiome in Brain Development and Its Association With Neurodevelopmental Psychiatric Disorders

“…It has been reported that the process of the microbiome and neuronal development coincides in an intense and coordinated way within this critical time frame and is most vulnerable to disruption ( Sharon et al, 2016 ; Jena et al, 2020 ; Acuña et al, 2021 ). A gut dysbiosis at such period has been reported to bring about many NDD/NPD like ADHD, ASD, SCZ, intellectual as well as learning disability, and behavioral problems ( Borre et al, 2014 ; Chrobak et al, 2016 ; Bojović et al, 2020 ). Moreover, after this period, microbiota reconstitution does not normalize the behavioral phenotype or neurochemical disturbances during the critical developmental period ( Sudo et al, 2004 ; Heijtz et al, 2011 ; Click or tap here to enter text; Clarke et al, 2013 ).…”

Role of the gut microbiota in human health

“…These interactions can also interact to the pathogenesis of numerous disorders, the etiopathogenesis of which has a component inflammatorymood disorders, ADHD, autism [30]. Chrobak et al describe that slight inflammation may play an important role in the pathophysiology of depression and disorder [31]. Stress is one of the strongest factors in everyday life life that affect the composition of the gut microbiota.…”

The biology of consciousness from the bottom up

“…A healthy microbiont is necessary for normal mammalian brain development (Carlson et al, 2018; Heijtz, 2016). When various disequilibria of the microbiont (dysbiosis) occur, in the complete absence of signs of infection, mental disorders accrue, such as obesity and other eating disorders, autism, depression, anxiety and stress disorders, and schizophrenia (Chrobak, Nowakowski, & Dudek, 2016; Kelly, Clarke, Cryan, & Dinan, 2016; Kennedy et al, 2016; Liu et al, 2017). The human microbiont secretes a wide panoply of neuromolecules, in huge quantities, that support, condition, and even determine the “color” of mental life by indirectly signaling to the brain via neurons of the vagus nerve or by producing and sending signaling molecules directly into the brain via the bloodstream as part of an extended hormonal system (Logsdon, Erickson, Rhea, Salameh, & Banks, 2017).…”