Reviews

Radiation damage in silicon detectors

“…10 -17 A/cm. For an annealing temperature of 80C the same value would be reached after an annealing time of ~10 minutes [10,25].…”

“…This task had been successfully attacked by performing studies at elevated temperatures thus accelerating the kinetic effects being responsible for such long term changes. Related basic studies are found in [8][9][10].…”

“…If normalized to the sensitive volume V (best defined by using a guard ring structure around the diode pad), the current increase is strictly proportional to the 1 MeV neutron equivalent fluence $ eq (see section 3), as demonstrated in figure 6 [10]. Therefore a ìcurrent related damage rate $î can be defined by:…”

“…The measured value of the reverse current depends exponentially on the operating temperature in a straight forward way and $-values are therefore always normalized to 20C. Details for this normalization and the temperature dependent beneficial annealing, depicted in figure 7, can be found in [10,24]. At any given temperature and annealing time the damage rate $, if temperature normalized, is a universal constant, not depending on the material type (n-or p-type, FZ, epi or Cz silicon, resistivity), or irradiating particles (neutrons, protons, pions).…”

Adolpho Lutz: um esboço biográfico

“…Na Europa, o principal adversário de Robert Koch o descobridor do bacilo colérico também chamado de bacilo vírgula ou Vibrio comma , e a mais influente autoridade invocada pelos médicos brasileiros que contestavam o diagnóstico de Adolpho Lutz era Max von Pettenkofer (1818-1901, um dos mais respeitados nomes da saúde pública alemã, cuja teoria sobre o cólera e a febre tifóide servia a nossos higienistas para explicar, por analogia, a transmissão da febre amarela (ver a esse respeito Benchimol, 1999). Lutz também recorreu a autoridades estrangeiras para robustecer seu ponto de vista.…”