Reviewing, Combining, and Updating the Models for the Nanostructure of Non-Graphitizing Carbons Produced from Oxygen-Containing Precursors

Abstract

Following a review of the literature evidence, an updated model is presented to describe the kind of nanometer-scale structures that occur in non-graphitizing carbons (also known as chars, biocarbons, and biochars) produced from the carbonization of oxygen-containing precursors (especially carbohydrates and lignocellulosic biomass). This is not intended to be a new model, because it is still essentially the same general model and concepts put forward by Franklin in 1951 and updated through integrating additional experimental evidence, ideas, and key features published over the last 64 years. The updated model uses evidence and concepts from recent publications on graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide to assist in explaining a potential role of heteroatoms (especially oxygen) in the cross-linking, which is considered important in the development of the distinct nanostructure of non-graphitizing carbons. A three-dimensional molecular/atomic model is presented to approximate the nanostructure formed as carbonization temperatures approach 1000 °C. The development of this nanostructure over a range of carbonization temperatures is also described.

Single‐Step Reagentless Laser Scribing Fabrication of Electrochemical Paper‐Based Analytical Devices

“…These features match apreviously reported definition of non-graphitizing carbon materials. [11][12][13][14] TheTEM images in Figure 3e,f demonstrate graphene flakes atop ac arbon grid, in agreement with the morphology reported for few-layer graphene by other groups using different substrates. [23][24][25][26] Then anoparticles detected in the LS-ePAD (Figure 3d; Supporting Information, Figure S4) were investigated by TEM and characterized using EDX analyses.T he results indicated the formation of aluminosilicate nanoparticles decorating the non-graphitizing graphene-like material, which probably originated due to laser scribing on Kaolinfilled paperboard.…”

“…[11] Thef inal features of carbonized materials also depend on the physical and chemical structures of the precursor material. [11][12][13][14] There are some reports on the use of laser scribing techniques to pattern capacitive carbon materials on polymeric substrates for fabricating energy storage devices. [11][12][13][14] There are some reports on the use of laser scribing techniques to pattern capacitive carbon materials on polymeric substrates for fabricating energy storage devices.…”

“…Heating oxygen-rich organic molecules, such as cellulose and sucrose,upto2000 8 8Cgenerates the socalled non-graphitizing carbons. [11][12][13][14] There are some reports on the use of laser scribing techniques to pattern capacitive carbon materials on polymeric substrates for fabricating energy storage devices. [15,16] Carbonization of these materials is achieved by laser-induced local pyrolysis,w hich provides an interesting method to fabricate carbon electrodes.H owever,t he laser scribing of cellulosic materials is challenging due to the papersc omposition, structure,and grammage (mass per unit area), and until now there have been no reports of the direct laser patterning of electrodes on paper.T he only reported study about paper pyrolysis method for the production of carbon electrode materials does not allow direct manufacture on cellulosic substrates.F urther, it requires ac omplex protocol involving the use of at ube furnace under an inert atmosphere to produce ac onductive powder, which is compressed, affixed, and patterned to aP lexiglas substrate.…”

Graphitization of Miscanthus grass biocarbon enhanced by in situ generated FeCo nanoparticles

“…Due to the dominant amorphous structure of carbon in biocarbon there is a need to use a catalyst to promote the formation of a graphitic structure at temperatures less than 1000°C. [18][19][20] In the literature, many different metals such as nickel, 21 magnesium, 22 titanium, 22 copper, 22 manganese, 23 and chromium 21 have been used as attempted catalysts to create ordered carbon structures, but often iron and cobalt are among those shown to produce the best results. [21][22][23] Rodriguez et al 24 described the mechanism with which iron catalysts promote the growth of graphene layers.…”

Properties of Biochar Prepared from Acacia Wood and Coconut Shell for Soil Amendment

“…There are many parameters involving the properties of biochar in soil improvement such as initial biomass from different plants and conditions of furnace [36][37][38].…”