Single‐Step Reagentless Laser Scribing Fabrication of Electrochemical Paper‐Based Analytical Devices

Abstract

Asingle-step laser scribing process is used to pattern nanostructured electrodes on paper-based devices.T he facile and low-cost technique eliminates the need for chemical reagents or controlled conditions.T his process involves the use of aC O 2 laser to pyrolyze the surface of the paperboard, producing ac onductive porous non-graphitizing carbon material composed of graphene sheets and composites with aluminosilicate nanoparticles.The new electrode material was extensively characterized,and it exhibits high conductivity and an enhanced active/geometric area ratio;i ti st hus well-suited for electrochemical purposes.A saproof-of-concept, the devices were successfully employed for different analytical applications in the clinical, pharmaceutical, food, and forensic fields.T he scalable and green fabrication method associated with the features of the new material is highly promising for the development of portable electrochemical devices.

Laser‐Induced Graphene on Paper toward Efficient Fabrication of Flexible, Planar Electrodes for Electrochemical Sensing

“…[39] The production of LIG using various cellulosic substrates has been previously presented. Because of inherent mechanical and chemical properties, some higher grammage papers (e.g., paperboard) [40] or paper composites (e.g., phenolic paper), [41] have been readily employed for graphitization through laser irradiation and subsequent application as electrochemical sensors. However, other more common, commercial and easily available cellulosic substrates have impediments for direct application for laser scribing.…”

Fluorescent patterning of paper through laser engraving

“…The latter is a critical parameter because it allows sequentially increasing the concentration of the furfural derivatives, without ablating the surface of the paper. 37,48 Unlike previous synthesis methods applied to the formation of carbon dots and other carbon-based fluorescent materials, our method is fast, simple, and allows patterning structures onto the paper that can be even observed with the naked eye (with the aid of UV light, of course). The formed structures can be used for the detection of sodium hypochlorite with a selectivity and sensitivity that is comparable to other carbon-based probes.…”

“…The effects of both speed and power were preliminarily investigated beyond the described ranges. However, these limits were selected as a compromise between the minimum energy to produce a measurable effect (not enough heat) and the possibility to completely carbonize the paper (produced by the fast and excessive heating by the laser 37 ). Based on these findings, 20% power and 95% speed were selected as the optimal parameters to maximize the formation of the fluorescent species on the paper.…”

A Pencil-Lead Immunosensor for the Rapid Electrochemical Measurement of Anti-Diphtheria Toxin Antibodies

“…Electrochemical sensors could meet this demand through their characteristics; simple, portable, sensitive, easy-to-use, miniaturize, and operatable with a portable instrument [ 6 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ]. When combined with biological recognition elements (i.e., enzymes, nucleic acid, antibodies, among others), electrochemical transducer-based POC devices have been developed to detect glucose [ 14 , 15 , 16 ], neurotransmitters [ 14 ], infectious agents, or their antibodies [ 12 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ], pharmaceutical compounds [ 22 , 23 , 24 ], biomarkers [ 25 ] and DNA [ 26 ]. Furthermore, electrochemical sensors associated with biomimetic materials (i.e., nanozymes, synzymes, and metal complexes) display good robustness, long-term activity, and minimal matrix interference [ 9 ].…”