Review Update on the Life Cycle, Plant–Microbe Interaction, Genomics, Detection and Control Strategies of the Oil Palm Pathogen Ganoderma boninense

Bharudin, Izwan; Wahab, Anis Farhan Fatimi Ab; Samad, Muhammad Asyraff Abd; Yie, Ng Xin; Zairun, Madihah Ahmad; Bakar, Farah Diba Abu; Murad, Abdul Munir Abdul

doi:10.3390/biology11020251

Cited by 20 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 97 publications

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“…A low frequency of multiple strain infections of G. boninense was demonstrated by Rakib et al (2020), finding one co-infection out of 17 diseased oil palms. Ganoderma is a fungus that produces abundant basidiospores and hence harbors abundant somatically incompatible strains (Bharudin et al, 2022). Still, few have reported the incidence of co-infection of somatically incompatible G. boninense strains in the field.…”

Section: Short Communicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Basal stem rot (BSR) is a major disease in oil palm plantations in Indonesia (Goh et al, 2014;Wong et al, 2021). The diseases caused by the fungus Ganoderma boninense have been reported to have a high incidence at all growing stages of oil palms (Santoso, 2020), with a high attack rate can reach 60% (Bharudin et al, 2022). The disease cannot be optimally controlled because it is symptomless in the early period of infection and non-specific.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Co-infection of two Ganoderma boninense strains on oil palm seedlings

2022

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Ganoderma boninense is the basal stem rot disease (BSR) pathogen that devastates oil palm plantations. Disease infection generally occurs by a single strain of G. boninense, or co-infection of two strains arises as revealed by somatic incompatibility. This study aimed to determine the effects of co-infection of two somatically incompatible G. boninense strains on the BSR disease of oil palm seedlings. Two strains of G. boninense were from 2 oil palm plantations and had different aggressiveness. Co-infection of two G. boninense strains was performed by inoculating the Ganoderma rubber wood blocks to the 3-month-old oil palm seedling and examined for 7 months. The results showed that co-infection with two G. boninense strains had similar disease symptoms, decreased disease severity (score 1.5 compared to 2.0 for a single aggressive strain), and similar seedling growth retardation by the single aggressive strain. Higher fungal colonization (92%) of oil palm roots was exhibited in the co-infection compared to 85‒86% colonization of a single strain infection. This study revealed that co-infection with two somatically incompatible strains might favor host colonization by G. boninense.

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Section: Short Communicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Co-infection of two Ganoderma boninense strains on oil palm seedlings

2022

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“…Without prompt measurement, the infected plant will usually die within two years from the first appearance of the BSR disease symptoms. To date, although research has been done on the treatment of BSR, there is no cure for BSR disease [10][11][12]. Therefore, research has been done to find G. boninense-resistant planting materials to alleviate the spread and damage caused by G. boninense [13][14][15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Automatic detection of an early stage of basal stem rot disease infection using VGG16 and mask R-CNN

Yong

Khairunniza-Bejo

Jahari

et al. 2023

IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci.

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Oil palm is the world’s most important oil crop, accounting for roughly 40% of all traded vegetable oil. Basal Stem Rot (BSR) has posed a significant concern to the oil palm industry, particularly in Southeast Asia, as it has the potential to cause substantial economic losses. Laboratory-based methods are reliable for early BSR detection. However, they are costly and destructive. Other methodologies used a semi-automatic approach which requires human intervention. Therefore, this paper presents an automatic detection of BSR using hyperspectral data and a deep learning approach, which includes a Mask R-CNN for image segmentation and a VGG16 as a classifier. The Mask R-CNN was trained using Set B images, and the images in Set A were masked using the mask produced by the Mask R-CNN. The VGG16 was trained with the masked images (Set A). This fully automatic approach demonstrated high model performance with 85.46% accuracy, 86.74% F1 score, 95.02% recall, and a classification time of 0.08s/image. The findings of this research have the potential to significantly benefit the oil palm industry by automatically detecting BSR at an early stage, thus allowing for the prevention of disease spread. It can also help solve the problem of labor shortage.

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“…Furthermore, the fungus G. boninense has different genetic variability with different pathogenicity against plants. It may be because parts of the genome have suffered duplication or deletion during the evolution of various strains (Bharudin et al, 2022). The population structure is likely a reflection of the high genetic variability of the G. boninense population.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological control agents potential and molecular identification of endophytic Trichoderma isolates originated from oil palm tissue against Ganoderma boninense Pat.

2022

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This research aimed to determine the potential of endophytic Trichoderma sp originated from oil palm plant tissue as a biological control agent and its molecular identification. The potency assay was carried out using a completely randomized design consisting of three isolates of Trichoderma sp. from different plant tissues (TR01 from root tissue, TS01 from stem tissue, and TM01 from midrib tissue) with inhibitory ability parameters. The inhibition of the growth of G. boninense was performed at the concentration of 15% and 20%, and the molecular identification of Trichoderma sp. endophyte isolates was analyzed using BLAST software. The results showed that Trichoderma sp. TM01 isolate had larger inhibitory than the other isolates on days 3 and 4 by 60% and 68%. TM01 isolate also showed inhibition to the growth of the G. boninense at 15% and 20%, with the percentage of inhibition reaching 71.79% and 82.05%. Based on phylogenetic analysis, the three endophytic isolates of Trichoderma sp. were closely related to Trichoderma virens.

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Review Update on the Life Cycle, Plant–Microbe Interaction, Genomics, Detection and Control Strategies of the Oil Palm Pathogen Ganoderma boninense

Cited by 20 publications

References 97 publications

Co-infection of two Ganoderma boninense strains on oil palm seedlings

Co-infection of two Ganoderma boninense strains on oil palm seedlings

Automatic detection of an early stage of basal stem rot disease infection using VGG16 and mask R-CNN

Biological control agents potential and molecular identification of endophytic Trichoderma isolates originated from oil palm tissue against Ganoderma boninense Pat.

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