Review on Thermal Management of Lithium-Ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles: Advances, Challenges, and Outlook

Abstract

Due to strict regulations and the requirement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, electric vehicles (BEVs) are a promising mode of transportation. The lithium battery is the most important power source for an electric vehicle, but its performance and life are greatly restricted by temperature. To ensure the safety of automobile operation and alleviate mileage anxiety, it is urgent to understand the current situation and predict the development and challenge of battery thermal management system. This work reviews the existing thermal management research in five areas, including cooling and heating methods, modeling optimization, control methods, and thermal management system integration for lithium batteries. Battery thermal management types include air-based, liquid-based, PCM-based, heatpipe-based, and direct cooling. Designing a better battery thermal management system not only needs to be optimized using algorithms on the model but also it uses intelligent algorithms for precise control to achieve safety and reduce energy consumption. This work also reviews the differences in thermal management systems between square and cylindrical batteries and summarizes the development trend of modularity in battery thermal management systems.

Overview of the Thermal Runaway in Lithium-Ion Batteries with Application in Electric Vehicles: Working Principles, Early Warning, and Future Outlooks

“…Dependent upon the battery generation, the structure, and the shape of each type of battery module and pack, many types of thermal management systems have been researched and developed, including liquid cooling, air cooling, heat pipes, phase change materials (PCMs), and hybrids of these techniques (Figure ). − …”

Review on the Lithium-Ion Battery Thermal Management System Based on Composite Phase Change Materials: Progress and Outlook

“…27−29 Battery thermal management systems can be divided into active BTMS and passive BTMS. 30 BTMS removes the heat from the battery through the heat exchange medium, such as air, liquid, etc., to achieve the purpose of cooling the battery. The air-cooling thermal management system has the characteristics of simple structure, lightweightness, low energy consumption, and easy maintenance, 31 and its technology is well-established and has been applied in commercial vehicles, such as the Nissan Leaf, Toyota Prius, etc.…”

Analysis of Performance Degradation in Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on a Lumped Particle Diffusion Model

“…The equivalent circuit model consists of an ideal voltage source, resistance, and parallel-coupled resistance–capacitance pairs, among other simple circuit components. This model can simulate the dynamic characteristics of the battery and allows for parameter identification due to its fewer model parameters. – However, the equivalent circuit unit employed in this model does not correspond to the internal structure of the battery, making it difficult to accurately reveal and reflect the electrochemical reactions inside the battery. – The neural network model, operating in a black-box modeling mode, does not rely on the internal chemical reactions of the lithium-ion battery. Instead, it conducts structure training by directly utilizing the external characteristic parameters of the battery as network inputs until the network output error meets the required precision .…”