Overview of the Thermal Runaway in Lithium-Ion Batteries with Application in Electric Vehicles: Working Principles, Early Warning, and Future Outlooks

Abstract

Energy and environmental issues are more pressing than ever with the task of reducing carbon emissions and finding new fuel sources to replace fossil fuels. One of the directions that is in line with the requirements of the time is to develop electric cars using completely electrified batteries to replace gasoline. Considering their high energy density and lengthy cycle life, lithium-ion batteries are frequently utilized in electric cars. The personal and property safety of passengers is gravely threatened by the spontaneous combustion accidents of electric cars caused by the thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries. Therefore, studies on early warning as well as solutions to overcome when a thermal runaway incident occurs have become increasingly important and urgent. The current study provides advancements in the thermal management, electrical management, and structural design of early warning battery thermal runaway applications in electric vehicles. This minireview aims to provide the most concise but complete information to provide an overview of the story of thermal runaway and development trends for early warning in the next decade.

From Frustration to Innovation: Exploring the Lived Experiences of E-Bike Users on Limited Charging Infrastructure

“…This indicates that some of the proactive actions or solutions taken by electric bike users in this study, such as replacing the battery, consistently fully charging it, carrying a charger, and seeking assistance to charge their electric bike, helps them in addressing and coping with the battery-related issues they encountered when using an electric bike as their daily transportation. This is further supported by the research of Le (2023) [27] , which emphasizes that electric bike owners can prolong battery life and avoid problems like deep discharging, overcharging, and thermal runaway by implementing appropriate coping mechanisms, such as monitoring battery health, performing routine maintenance, and maintaining proper charging practices. Effectiveness of proactive actions taken by electric bike users ensures them in effectively overcoming battery-related issues they encounter.…”

Review on Oxygen Release Mechanism and Modification Strategy of Nickel-Rich NCM Cathode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries: Recent Advances and Future Directions

“…Lithium-ion batteries are widely used in mobile phones, laptops, cameras and other fields and are an important part of EVs. 5,6 Recently, higher requirements for energy density, electrochemical performance, and safety standards for batteries of electric vehicles have been proposed with the accelerated development of technology. By 2030, there will be at least 145 million electric vehicles in the world, and the future production capacity of lithium-ion batteries will need to reach 40 GW per year to meet the demand; for the moment, the landscape of LIBs is dominated by the NCM series and LiFePO 4 .…”

“…Subsequently, other cathode candidates such as LiMn 2 O 4 and LiFePO 4 have gradually emerged. − Energy and environmental issues are more pressing than ever before; one of the solutions that is in line with the requirements of the time is to develop electric vehicles (EVs) using completely electrified batteries to replace gasoline. Lithium-ion batteries are widely used in mobile phones, laptops, cameras and other fields and are an important part of EVs. , Recently, higher requirements for energy density, electrochemical performance, and safety standards for batteries of electric vehicles have been proposed with the accelerated development of technology. By 2030, there will be at least 145 million electric vehicles in the world, and the future production capacity of lithium-ion batteries will need to reach 40 GW per year to meet the demand; for the moment, the landscape of LIBs is dominated by the NCM series and LiFePO 4 .…”

Failure of Lithium-Ion Batteries Accelerated by Gravity

“…Beyond this time frame, the risk of accidents, such as battery fires and explosions, increases due to factors such as membrane puncture or internal exposure to oxygen. 3,4 These incidents can lead to unforeseen injuries, fatalities, and financial losses. Therefore, understanding and elucidating the failure mechanisms of LIBs are crucial for developing appropriate solutions to prolong battery lifespan and mitigate safety risks, consequently reducing the burden of LIB recycling.…”

“…However, safety concerns and economic considerations have prompted a significant demand for analyzing the failure mechanisms of LIBs to predict their safety and reliability throughout their lifespan. , It is widely recognized that most LIBs have a service life of seven to eight years. Beyond this time frame, the risk of accidents, such as battery fires and explosions, increases due to factors such as membrane puncture or internal exposure to oxygen. , These incidents can lead to unforeseen injuries, fatalities, and financial losses. Therefore, understanding and elucidating the failure mechanisms of LIBs are crucial for developing appropriate solutions to prolong battery lifespan and mitigate safety risks, consequently reducing the burden of LIB recycling.…”