Review on the effects of potential prebiotics on controlling intestinal enteropathogens Salmonella and Escherichia coli in pig production

Abstract

Summary Salmonella enterica serotypes (Salmonella sp.) are the second cause of bacterial foodborne zoonoses in humans after campylobacteriosis. Pork is the third most important cause for outbreak‐associated salmonellosis, and colibacillosis is the most important disease in piglets and swine. Attachment to host cells, translocation of effector proteins into host cells, invasion and replication in tissues are the vital virulence steps of these pathogens that help them to thrive in the intestinal environment and invade tissues. Feed contamination is an important source for Salmonella infection in pig production. Many on‐farm feeding strategies intervene to avoid the introduction of pathogens onto the farm by contaminated feeds or to reduce infection pressure when pathogens are present. Among the latter, prebiotics could be effective at protecting against these enteric bacterial pathogens. Nowadays, a wide range of molecules can potentially serve as prebiotics. Here, we summarize the prevalence of Salmonella sp. and Escherichia coli in pigs, understanding of the mechanisms by which pathogens can cause disease, the feed related to pathogen contamination in pigs and detail the mechanisms on which prebiotics are likely to act in order to fulfil their protective action against these pathogens in pig production. Many different mechanisms involve the inhibition of Salmonella and E. coli by prebiotics such as coating the host surface, modulation of intestinal ecology, downregulating the expression of adhesin factors or virulence genes, reinforcing the host immune system.

Antibiotic-Resistant Salmonella in the Food Supply and the Potential Role of Antibiotic Alternatives for Control

“…Prebiotics modulate beneficial microorganisms in the gut, stimulate the host immune system, and reduce various virulence factors of the pathogen which are responsible for its colonization in the host. Prebiotics reduce pathogen attachment and invasion to the host intestinal epithelium [ 130 ]. Even though the prebiotics have a direct effect on the pathogens, most of the time prebiotics are used in combination with probiotics (synbiotics) to exclude pathogens in poultry and livestock.…”

Evaluation of theEscherichia colipopulation in the intestinal microbiota of rattus wistar submitted to secondhand smoke and supplemented with prebiotics

“…Our results revealed a significant decrease (p <0.05) with the administration of prebiotics of the Escherichia coli population in the intestinal microbiota of exposed and unexposed rats compared to the control group. The behavior of E. coli in the presence of prebiotics has been previously described (González-Ortiz et al, 2014; Molist et al, 2014; Tran, Everaert, & Bindelle, 2018), through receptors similar to those expressed by the host cells, where the microorganism binds to the surface of the prebiotic fiber by saturating its receptors, this way, it does not adhere to the intestinal mucosa, thus being excreted. Furthermore, the combined action of prebiotics and the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus demonstrated to cause greater inhibition of a pathogenic E. coli striper in co-cultures analyzed (Anand, Mandal, & Tomar, 2019).…”

“…The fact that the reduction in the population of Escherichia coli is beneficial to the host, is based on the existence of pathogenic E. coli pathotypes, such as enterotoxigenic E. coli , enteropathogenic E. coli , enteroinvasive E. coli , enterohemorrhagic E. coli , being responsible for very serious intestinal infections, which express adhesins related to the pathogenesis of these bacteria and which are not expressed on the surface of commensals E. coli (Tran et al, 2018).…”

Dietary supplementation with Bacillus mixture promotes the gut health of weaned piglets

“…Therefore, effective antibiotic alternatives are urgently required to reduce the dependence of the animal industry on antibiotics. Previous studies have focused on the development of novel alternatives to antibiotics, including probiotics (Hu et al, 2018), prebiotics (Tran et al, 2018), and synbiotics (Zhang et al, 2018). Among these alternatives, probiotics have a higher potential to act pathogen exclusion (Azad et al, 2018).…”