Review on Smart Charging of Electric Vehicles via Market-Based Incentives, Grid-Friendly and Grid-Compatible Measures

Abstract

Smart charging of electric vehicles is a promising concept for solving the current challenges faced by connecting mobility and electricity within the context of the ongoing sustainable energy transition. It allows cost savings for the expansion and operation of the power grid and a more efficient use of renewable energies. However, wide implementation of smart charging requires further work on technical and regulatory issues and further development of standards, especially an end-to-end consistency of the control signals. A fully automated process, as well as customisable services and flexible tariffs, would also facilitate wider market penetration. The novelty of this paper is the consensus of German pilot projects funded within the German programme “Elektro-Mobil” on the communication channel between all stakeholders for the use cases of smart charging based on market price incentives. Within this consensus, the projects have illustrated how specific standards can facilitate the communication between smart charging stakeholders, become a reality in the pilot projects and should be applied to further use cases in the low-voltage network. This consensus results in a white paper. On this basis, the adjustment of the standards can be made to ensure the consistency of the control signals from the beginning of the control process up to the end. In an advanced Edition, solutions for the prioritisation and orchestration of the different control signals could be designed.

Flexibility Potential of Smart Charging Electric Trucks and Buses

“…Furthermore, vehicle operators' risk of insufficient state-of-charge must be nullified through smart IT solutions. Due to a current lack of marketability, we excluded congestion management from the quantification analysis of this study, despite the expected impact of truck and bus charging on distribution grids [5,6]. A market-based approach should complement the existing cost-based provision of redispatch services and address these decentralized generation or consumption assets, for which there is no mandatory participation in the current redispatch regime.…”

“…We considered unidirectional conductive direct current (DC) charging using the CCS2 charging standard Although the use of battery-electric vehicle (BEV) passenger cars to provide flexibility to the power grid has been investigated extensively (e.g., [2][3][4][5]), the body of research regarding the flexibility potential of battery-electric trucks and buses is much smaller. Although the technical implementation of smart charging should be similar for all vehicle sizes [6], the impact of electric truck and bus charging on electricity grids appears significant due to larger batteries, longer distances travelled, and larger charging powers [7,8]. Although buses have well-planned routes with high temporal synchronization [9], truck use cases are diverse (cf.…”

Bill It Right: Evaluating Public Charging Station Usage Behavior under the Presence of Different Pricing Policies

“…Figure 15 shows that idle time is especially high between 6 p.m. and 8 a.m., providing significant potential to mitigate peak power during these periods by stretching CEs. In a slightly different approach, the idle time could also be used for so-called "vehicle-to-grid" approaches [47]. In summary, building AC CI appears promising for reducing peak power demand.…”

Optimization Schedule Schemes for Charging Electric Vehicles: Overview, Challenges, and Solutions

“…Along with the popularity of EVs, a societal challenge has emerged, which is how to optimize charging schedules in order to balance the demand of EV charging with grid capac-ity [5]. First of all, it is essential to ensure the stability of the grid in a high number of EVs condition [6]. From another perspective, it is important to implement smart charging schemes that oversee and regulate charging processes.…”