Review on Newcastle disease in poultry

Abstract

Newcastle disease is an infectious disease of poultry caused by an avian Paramyxovirus type I that affects more than two hundred avian species. It is an enzootic disease in parts of Asia, Africa, the Middle East and some countries in South America. Isolated outbreaks of Newcastle disease occur sporadically in some European countries and Central America. This review synthesizes available information on the virus and the disease it causes. The disease is transmitted by direct contact with infected animals or by indirect contact through inanimate carriers. The incubation period of the disease varied from 2 to 15 days. Five pathotypes were distinguished according to the incidence and severity of the clinical signs. Velogenic strains, which are the most virulent, can cause 100% mortality in unprotected herds. Control measures are based on mass vaccination of susceptible animals and the application of biosecurity measures in poultry farms. Regulations are also put in place to prevent the introduction of the virus into countries free of the disease.Keywords: Poultry, paramyxovirus, Newcastle disease, panzootie, mortality.

Vaccines against Major Poultry Viral Diseases: Strategies to Improve the Breadth and Protective Efficacy

“…Between 1926 and 1981, four ND panzootic strains were recorded worldwide and currently, in all African countries. Apart from being panzootic, ND is native to Asia, Africa, the Middle East, Central and South America, and sporadically found in Europe [87,88]. Protection of poultry from NDV is provided by commercially available vaccines, mainly live vaccines (either attenuated or vectored vaccines) and inactivated vaccines.…”

Identification of Disease Case on Kampung Unggul Balitbangtan (KUB) Chicken on Farmers’ Henhouse in Central Java

“…Transmission occurs through direct contact with infected birds or aerial routes, often with clinical signs remaining latent until seven days post-infection [21][22][23]. The virus can be detected in the feces and eggs of infected birds.…”

Possible Outbreak of Newcastle Virus Infection in the Face of Increasing Trend of Backyard Poultry Farm Management Interface in Nigeria: A Public Health and Food Security Threat

“…It first mostly impacted domesticated and racing pigeons, but eventually spread to wild pigeons and other poultry livestock. It spread easily and was difficult to control because it affected animals that were susceptible to Newcastle disease virus and were not included in the vaccination program [64,65].…”

“…Low-virulent lentogenic NDV strains are those that induce subclinical infection and moderate respiratory or gastrointestinal illness. However, the disease produced by mesogenic strains are of intermediate virulence and cause respiratory infection with moderate mortality, while velogenic NDV strains are highly virulent and can result in mortality rates of up to 100% Alexander DJ [66], Ebrahimi MM, et al [78], Pantin-Jackwood MJ, et al [153], Ali A, et al [154], which prompts trade restrictions and embargoes in the nations where the illness is present [65,155]. Viscotropic and neurotropic velogenic strains are additional categories for velogenic strains.…”

“…Other detection antibodies made in a different species against the chicken antigens bind to the viral antigens and combine with an enzyme to catalyze the reaction that results in a color shift. A spectrophotometer is then used to read the plate [65]. The ELISA test and the HI test have strong correlations [156,166].…”