Review on Cathode Materials for Sodium‐ and Potassium‐Ion Batteries: Structural Design with Electrochemical Properties

Abstract

As a promising candidates for next‐generation secondary battery system, sodium‐ion (Na‐ion) batteries and potassium‐ion (K‐ion) batteries are recently attracting considerable attention because of their cost‐effectiveness and similar reaction mechanism to that of lithium‐ion batteries. However, the major challenges for their practical application are sluggish ionic kinetic with excessive volume change of the cathode material, caused by larger ionic radius than Li+ ion. The current demand for high energy density is not satisfactory with the electrochemical properties of the cathode materials for Na‐ion and K‐ion batteries studied so far, but extensive studies have been conducted to achieve large reversible capacity, high power capacity, and long life in recent years. This review provides comprehensive information on the cathode material studies reported to date for Na‐ion and K‐ion batteries, with a particular focus on the various strategies of each cathode material to achieve high electrochemical properties. In this regard, diverse electrochemical properties of cathode materials for Na‐ion and K‐ion batteries are compared with current Li‐ion battery systems, and future research directions are discussed along with related challenges and prospects.

Active Learning Platform for Accelerating the Search for High-Voltage Cathode Materials in an Extensive Chemical Space

“…In this regard, they have the potential to achieve high energy densities. KIBs and NIBs have garnered attention as next-generation batteries that can replace LIBs . KIBs offer advantages such as the low cost of potassium, abundant storage capacity, relatively low reduction potential (≈2.936 V), and similarities with the actively researched NIBs and well-established LIBs in terms of the technology employed .…”

“…KIBs and NIBs have garnered attention as next-generation batteries that can replace LIBs. 58 KIBs offer advantages such as the low cost of potassium, abundant storage capacity, relatively low reduction potential (≈2.936 V), and similarities with the actively researched NIBs and well-established LIBs in terms of the technology employed. 59 In particular, the K/K + redox couple (≈−2.88 V) exhibited the lowest potential for some organic solvents, such as propylene carbonate, compared with Li/Li + (≈−2.79 V) and Na/Na + (≈−2.56 V).…”

Advancements in cathode materials for potassium-ion batteries: current landscape, obstacles, and prospects

“…219 Potassium-based layered oxide cathodes, emulating compositions found in sodium-and lithium-ion batteries, have been actively pursued as potential cathode materials for KIBs. 62,[220][221][222][223][224][225][226][227][228][229][230] Typically, these layered oxides, adopting the general composition of A x LO 2 , consist of alkali metal atoms (A) arranged between transition metal oxide slab layers (LO 6 octahedra). As a result, various stacking sequences are observed (simply classifiable using the Hagenmuller-Delmas notation', or more elaborately using the face-centred cubic (FCC) notation), primarily influenced by (i) the type of alkali metal atom or transition metal present within the slab and (ii) the specific synthesis conditions.…”

A Structural Perspective on Prussian Blue Analogues for Aqueous Zinc‐Ion Batteries

“…Benefitting from their 3D opened framework and large ion channels, PBAs are excellent intercalation materials for battery applications, and as such have been widely used as electrode material for both Li-ion batteries and post-Li-ion batteries. [46,[52][53][54][55][56][57] The implementation of PBAs in AZIBs was first reported by Jia et al [58] in 2015, demonstrating reversible insertion of Zn 2 + ions in copper hexacyanoferrate (CuHCF) nano-cubes when employing aqueous electrolyte. Following the initial studies, different PBAs were studied as a cathode material for AZIBs, including zinc hexacynoferrate (ZnHCF), nickel hexacynoferrate (NiHCF), PB, manganese hexacynoferrate (MnHCF), cobalt hexacynoferrate (CoHCF), and vanadium hexacynoferrate (VHCF).…”

“…Benefitting from their 3D opened framework and large ion channels, PBAs are excellent intercalation materials for battery applications, and as such have been widely used as electrode material for both Li‐ion batteries and post‐Li‐ion batteries [46,52–57] . The implementation of PBAs in AZIBs was first reported by Jia et al [58] .…”