Review of the Decontamination of Aflatoxins by Ammoniation: Current Status and Regulation

Abstract

Ammoniation of corn, peanuts, cottonseed, and meals to alter the toxic and carcinogenic effects of aflatoxin contamination has been the subject of intense research effort by scientists in various government agencies and universities, both in the United States and abroad. Results of these studies have been well documented over the last 20 years. Engineers have devised workable systems of treatment of whole seeds, kernels, or meals; chemists have identified and characterized products formed from the reaction of aflatoxin B, with ammonia with and without a meal matrix; biochemists have studied the biological effects of these compounds in model systems; and nutritionists have studied animal responses to rations containing ammoniated or nonammoniated components. This review describes these studies. Results demonstrate overwhelming support for the efficacy and safety of ammoniation as a practical solution to aflatoxin detoxification in animal feeds.

Isolation of Bacillus spp. from Thai fermented soybean (Thua-nao): screening for aflatoxin B1and ochratoxin A detoxification

“…The mechanism for Kinetic with cell (Bacillus CM 21) against AFB 1 5 mg l Kinetic with cell (MHS 13) against AFB 1 5 mg l this action appears to involve hydrolysis of the lactone ring and chemical conversion of the parent compound AFB 1 to numerous products that exhibit greatly decreased toxicity. Two major products identified as compounds with molecular weight 286 (AFD 1 ) and molecular weight 206, have been isolated and tested in various biological systems (Park et al 1988). The first step in the reaction is reversible if the ammoniation process is carried out under mild conditions.…”

“…Regarding OTA, several reports describe OTA degrading activities of the microbial flora of the mammalian gastrointestinal tract including rumen microbes of cow and sheep (Galtier and Alvinerie 1976;Hult et al 1976;Park et al 1988) and microbes living mainly in the caecum and large intestine of rats (Madhyastha et al 1992). The human intestinal microflora can also partially degrade OTA (Akiyama et al 1997).…”

Cold Plasma for Effective Fungal and Mycotoxin Control in Foods: Mechanisms, Inactivation Effects, and Applications

“…Gamma irradiation produces high energy photons, which interact with microbial cells and induce DNA rupture (Udomkun et al, 2017). The chemical treatments using acetic acid, citric acid, lactic acid under simulated cooking (Aiko & Mehta, 2016) and bases such as NH 3 , Ca(OH) 2 , Na 2 CO 3 (Park, Lee, Price, & Pohland, 1988), oxidizing agents (for example, ozone), reducing agents (for example, NaHSO 3 ) are also used to reduce mycotoxins (Temba et al, 2016). Enzymatic detoxification has also been commonly studied (for example, amylases, glucanases, proteases) to reduce mycotoxins in foods.…”

Detoxification of Aflatoxin B1 in Red Pepper (Capsicum annuum L .) by Ozone Treatment and Its Effect on Microbiological and Sensory Quality

“…Approaches for controlling AFs include physical, chemical or biological removal, or use of chemical or physical inactivation techniques. Methods used must provide complete inactivation, removal or destruction of toxins, not leave or produce toxic residues, retain the commodity's nutritive value, not modify technological properties, and provide an effective break down fungal spores as well (Park et al 1988;Park 1993). One method of decontamination of aflatoxin-affected commodities is the ozonation process, a physical/chemical oxidation method.…”