Review of the backfire occurrences and control strategies for port hydrogen injection internal combustion engines

Gao, Jianbing; Wang, X.C.; Song, Panpan; Tian, Gui Yun; Ma, Chaochen

doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2021.121553

Cited by 156 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…A technical drawback of PFI hydrogen engines is the backfire. Gao et al [22] analyzed the influence of valve timing, fuel injection, fuel-air equivalence ratio, compression ratio, combustion duration, residual exhaust gas, and hot spot on this phenomenon. They highlighted that it is important to consider and optimize all these parameters in order to develop suitable control strategies.…”

Section: Hydrogen Gasolinementioning

confidence: 99%

Performance Estimation of a Downsized SI Engine Running with Hydrogen

et al. 2022

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Hydrogen is a carbon-free fuel that can be produced in many ways starting from different sources. Its use as a fuel in internal combustion engines could be a method of significantly reducing their environmental impact. In spark-ignition (SI) engines, lean hydrogen–air mixtures can be burnt. When a gaseous fuel like hydrogen is port-injected in an SI engine, working with lean mixtures, supercharging becomes very useful in order not to excessively penalize the engine performance. In this work, the performance of a turbocharged PFI spark-ignition engine fueled by hydrogen has been investigated by means of 1-D numerical simulations. The analysis focused on the engine behavior both at full and partial load considering low and medium engine speeds (1500 and 3000 rpm). Equivalence ratios higher than 0.35 have been considered in order to ensure acceptable cycle-to-cycle variations. The constraints that ensure the safety of engine components have also been respected. The results of the analysis provide a guideline able to set up the load control strategy of a SI hydrogen engine based on the variation of the air to fuel ratio, boost pressure, and throttle opening. Furthermore, performance and efficiency of the hydrogen engine have been compared to those of the base gasoline engine. At 1500 and 3000 rpm, except for very low loads, the hydrogen engine load can be regulated by properly combining the equivalence ratio and the boost pressure. At 3000 rpm, the gasoline engine maximum power is not reached but, for each engine load, lean burning allows the hydrogen engine achieving much higher efficiencies than those of the gasoline engine. At full load, the maximum power output decreases from 120 kW to about 97 kW, but the engine efficiency of the hydrogen engine is higher than that of the gasoline one for each full load operating point.

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Section: Hydrogen Gasolinementioning

confidence: 99%

Performance Estimation of a Downsized SI Engine Running with Hydrogen

et al. 2022

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“…In order to drop CO 2 emissions, many types of alternative fuels such as natural gas [22], liquefied petroleum gas [23], methanol [24,25], ethanol [26], n-butanol [27], biodiesel [28], di-methyl carbonate [29] and hydrogen [30,31] have been applied to internal combustion engines. Hydrogen is considered to be an ultimate fuel due to non-pollutants combustion in theory [32,33]; additionally, hydrogen fuel has a higher energy density by mass compared with other fuels [34,35].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Ignition Timing on the Emission and Combustion Characteristics for a Hydrogen-Fuelled ORP Engine at Lean-Burn Conditions

et al. 2022

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The application of hydrogen fuel in ORP engines makes the engine power density much higher than that of a reciprocating engine. This paper investigated the impacts of combustion characteristics, energy loss, and NOx emissions of a hydrogen-fuelled ORP engine by ignition timing over various equivalence ratios using a simulation approach based on FLUENT code without considering experiments. The simulations were conducted under the equivalence ratio of 0.5~0.9 and ignition timing of −20.8~8.3 °CA before top dead centre (TDC). The engine was operated under 1000 RPM and wide-open throttle condition which was around the maximum engine torque. The results indicated that significant early ignition of the ORP engine restrained the flame development in combustion chambers due to the special relative positions of ignition systems to combustion chambers. In-cylinder pressure evolutions were insensitive to early ignition. The start of combustion was the earliest over the ignition timing of −17.3 °CA for individual equivalence ratios; the correlations of the combustion durations and equivalence ratios were dependent on the ignition timing. Combustion durations were less sensitive to equivalence ratios in the ignition timing range of −14.2~−11.1 °CA before TDC. The minimum and maximum heat release rates were 15 J·(°CA)−1 and 22 J·(°CA)−1 over the equivalence ratios of 0.5 and 0.9, respectively. Indicated thermal efficiency was higher than 41% for early ignition scenarios, and it was significantly affected by late ignition. Energy loss by cylinder walls and exhaust was in the range of 10%~16% and 42%~58% of the total fuel energy, respectively. The impacts of equivalence ratios on NOx emission factors were affected by ignition timing.

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“…Hydrogen fuel cells can be used in the transportation sector, thus eliminating one of the main pollution sources [7,8]. Additionally, hydrogen fuel cells can be used at a large scale in power generation and power plants [9,10] or internal combustion engines [11,12]. High purity hydrogen can be obtained from water using renewable energy sources such as solar energy [13,14], geothermal energy [15,16], and wind energy [17,18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parameter Estimation-Based Slime Mold Algorithm of Photocatalytic Methane Reforming Process for Hydrogen Production

Nassef

Handam

2022

Sustainability

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The key contribution of this paper is to determine the optimal operating parameters of the methane reforming process for hydrogen production. The proposed strategy contained two phases: ANFIS modelling and optimization. Four input controlling parameters were considered to increase the hydrogen: irradiation time (min), metal loading, methane concentration, and steam concentration. In the first phase, an ANFIS model was created with the help of the experimental data samples. The subtractive clustering (SC) technique was used to generate the fuzzy rules. In addition, the Gaussian-type and weighed average were used for the fuzzification and defuzzification methods, respectively. The reliability of the resulting model was assessed statistically by RMSE and the correlation (R2) measures. The small RMSE value and high R2 value of testing samples assured the correctness of the modelling phase, as they reached 0.0668 and 0.981, respectively. Based on the robust model, the optimization phase was applied. The slime mold algorithm (SMA), as a recent as well as simple optimizer, was applied to look for the best set of parameters that maximizes hydrogen production. The resulting values were compared by the findings of three competitive optimizers, namely particle swarm optimization (PSO), Harris hawks optimization (HHO), and evolutionary strategy HHO (EESHHO). By running the optimizers 30 times, the statistical results showed that the SMA obtained the maximum value with high mean, standard deviation, and median. Furthermore, the proposed strategy of combining the ANFIS modelling and the SMA optimizer produced an increase in the hydrogen production by 15.7% in comparison to both the experimental and traditional RSM techniques.

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Review of the backfire occurrences and control strategies for port hydrogen injection internal combustion engines

Cited by 156 publications

References 73 publications

Performance Estimation of a Downsized SI Engine Running with Hydrogen

Performance Estimation of a Downsized SI Engine Running with Hydrogen

The Effect of Ignition Timing on the Emission and Combustion Characteristics for a Hydrogen-Fuelled ORP Engine at Lean-Burn Conditions

Parameter Estimation-Based Slime Mold Algorithm of Photocatalytic Methane Reforming Process for Hydrogen Production

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