Review of Research for People With ID and Mental Health Problems: A View From the United Kingdom

Characteristics and the trajectory of psychotropic medication use in general and antipsychotics in particular among adults with an intellectual disability who exhibit aggressive behaviour

“…A higher dose of antipsychotic was also associated with increasing age. This is difficult to explain as some studies have shown a decrease in PB in old age but others including the NOSDIID study have failed to show any such association (see Hemmings et al 2013).…”

Associations Between Mental Health Problems and Challenging Behavior in Adults With Intellectual Disabilities: A Test of the Behavioral Equivalents Hypothesis

“…The prevalence of both challenging behaviors and mental health problems is high in people with intellectual disabilities (ID; Cooper, Smiley, Morrison, Williamson, & Allan, 2007;Hemmings, Deb, Chaplin, Hardy, & Mukherjee, 2013). These problems often co-exist (Pruijssers, van Meijel, Maaskant, Nijssen, & van Achterberg, 2014) and adversely affect the quality of life of individuals (Totsika, Felce, Kerr, & Hastings, 2010), families, and carers (Tsiouris, Kim, Brown, & Cohen, 2011).…”

“…Potential explanations for this uncertainty include: fundamental differences in diagnostic constructs for people with ID (Bertelli, Rossi, Scuticchio, & Bianco, 2015;; inconsistent definitions of challenging behavior (Hemmings et al, 2013); overlap between the two problems (Holden & Gitlesen, 2009), and practical difficulties in utilising a categorical diagnostic system in both clinical practice and research (Thakker, Bamidele, Ali, & Hassiotis, 2012). Against this challenging backdrop, the research can, at best, be interpreted in different ways (Bernstein, Visconti, Csorba, Radvanyi, & Rojahn, 2015) and, at worst, as contradictory (Hemmings, Deb , Chaplin, Hardy, & Mukherjee, 2013;McCarthy et al, 2010).…”

“…Latterly, considerable doubt has also been cast on the statistical approaches employed, including failure to control for potential confounding variables, the use of tests and procedures unsuited to categorical data, and a failure to validate (confirm) exploratory factor analyses . Addressing confounding variables is important since several of these, including age, gender, degree of ID, ASD, physical health problems, and stressful life events (according to Hemmings et al, 2013) also have their own supporting evidence for associations with challenging behavior.…”

Autism spectrum disorder and hate crime

“…This has coincided over the last decade, with an increasing interest in disability hate crime and victimisation in generaL (EHRC, 2009;British Crime Survey, 2013). Although the term 'hate crime' is part of common language; awareness of it has not translated into better understanding or reforms within the public sector (Roustone et al 2011;EHRC, 2009;Hemmings et al 2013;Department of Health, 2010;Garland, 2012) …”