Review of rare earth elements recovery from secondary resources for clean energy technologies: Grand opportunities to create wealth from waste

Jyothi, Rajesh Kumar; Thriveni, Thenepalli; Ahn, Ji Whan; Parhi, Pankaj Kumar; Chung, Kyeong Woo; Lee, Jin Young

doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122048

Cited by 187 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 115 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The leaching is the first step in the hydrometallurgical process in which the operational parameters such as agitation speed, contact time (residence time), particle size, solid to liquid ratio (S:L), lixiviant type, and temperature are usually varied to obtain optimum conditions [52]. The leaching of PG is mainly possible as most REEs occur as adsorbed secondary phases onto the surface of PG.…”

Section: Beneficiation Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rare Earths’ Recovery from Phosphogypsum: An Overview on Direct and Indirect Leaching Techniques

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The need for rare earths elements (REEs) in high tech electrical and electronic based materials are vital. In the global economy, deposits of natural REEs are limited except for countries such as China, which has prompted current attempts to seek alternative resources of REEs. This increased the dependence on major secondary rare earth-bearing sources such as scrap alloy, battery waste, spent catalysts, fly ash, spent magnets, waste light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and phosphogypsum (PG) for a substantial recovery of REEs for use. Recycling of REEs from these alternative waste sources through hydrometallurgical processes is becoming a sustainable and viable approach due to the low energy consumption, low waste generation, few emissions, environmentally friendliness, and economically feasibility. Industrial wastes such as the PG generated from the production of phosphoric acid is a potential secondary resource of REEs that contains a total REE concentration of over 2000 mg/kg depending upon the phosphate ore from which it is generated. Due to trace concentration of REEs in the PG (normally < 0.1% wt.) and their tiny and complex occurrence as mineral phases the recovery process of REE from PG would be highly challenging in both technology and economy. Various physicochemical pre-treatments approaches have been used up to date to up-concentrate REEs from PG prior to their extraction. Methods such as carbonation, roasting, microwave heating, grinding or recrystallization have been widely used for this purpose. This present paper reviews recent literature on various techniques that are currently employed to up-concentrate REs from PG to provide preliminary insight into further critical raw materials recovery. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of the different strategies are discussed as avenues for realization of REE recovery from PG at a larger scale. In all the different approaches, recrystallization of PG appears to show promising advantages due to both high REE recovery as well as the pure PG phase that can be obtained.

show abstract

Section: Beneficiation Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rare Earths’ Recovery from Phosphogypsum: An Overview on Direct and Indirect Leaching Techniques

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…They are widely used in chemical engineering, metallurgy, electronic equipment and other fields. 1,2 The demand for REEs is also increasing, so the research on extracting and separating them is important. Lanthanides are widely used in many fields because of their luminescence, electronics, and magnetism.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microextraction of lanthanum using a rotating microchannel extractor

Chen

Fan

et al. 2022

JSCS

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This work introduced a novel microchannel extractor. The extraction system was to extract lanthanum nitrate aqueous solution with 2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid-2-ethylhexyl ester (EHEHPA). Different feeding methods and inner rotors were explored first. The results showed that parallel feeding and inner rotors engraved with spiral stripes were more favorable for extraction. Next, the effect of various factors on the extraction was explored, including the pH of the aqueous phase, rotational inner rotor speed (R) and the fluid volumetric flow rate (Q). The results showed that these factors are closely related to the extraction. Finally, the experiment was verified by CFD numerical simulation, the simulation result was consistent with the experiment. In this device, active mixing was introduced into the microchannel extraction, which significantly improved the extraction efficiency. Under certain conditions, the extraction efficiency of this device exceeded stirring extraction equilibrium. Moreover, the extraction in this device is faster than conventional stirring extraction. These advantages provide a possibility for highly efficient extraction and use of rare earth elements.

show abstract

“…Because of their interesting properties and useful applications, rare earths elements (REEs) have growing attracted attention from the scientific and industrial communities, playing a key role in various sectors such as those of green energy, lifestyle, and defense, among others [1]. These elements are vital components of several electrical and electronic-based materials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, due to continuously increasing technological developments, nowadays the production of waste electrical and electronic equipment (the so-called e-waste, or WEEE) is noticeable [4]. As a consequence, different strategies to recover metals and/or REEs from several waste sources are currently being evaluated, for example from Liquid Crystal Displays and Plasma Display Panels (LCD/PDP) [1], mobile phones [1], the automotive industry [5], permanent magnets [6], and phosphors [7]. To achieve this recovery, hydrometallurgical operations with regard to leaching [8], chemical precipitation [9], ion exchange [10], emulsion liquid membrane [11] are under continuous development.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Activated Carbon Obtained from Spent Coffee Ground Wastes to Effective Terbium Recovery from Liquid Solutions

Alcaraz

Saquinga

Escudero

et al. 2021

Metals

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A process aimed at the recovery of terbium from liquid solutions using activated carbon (AC) derived from spent coffee grounds (SCG) was assessed. AC was obtained using the hydro-alcoholic treatment of SCG, followed by the physical activation of the as-obtained product. The AC exhibited both microporous and mesoporous structures, which were shown by the corresponding nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. In addition, a certain graphitic character was found in the micro-Raman measurements. By use of this AC, terbium adsorption was investigated, and the influence of solution pH, temperature, and the adsorbent amount on terbium uptake was tested. In addition, adsorption isotherms and kinetic studies were also evaluated. The best fit was found for the type-1 Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetics model. Thermodynamic studies revealed that terbium adsorption is an endothermic and spontaneous process. Terbium desorption by the use of acidic solutions was also investigated. This work demonstrated that it is possible to recover this valuable metal from liquid solution using the present AC.

show abstract

Review of rare earth elements recovery from secondary resources for clean energy technologies: Grand opportunities to create wealth from waste

Cited by 187 publications

References 115 publications

Rare Earths’ Recovery from Phosphogypsum: An Overview on Direct and Indirect Leaching Techniques

Rare Earths’ Recovery from Phosphogypsum: An Overview on Direct and Indirect Leaching Techniques

Microextraction of lanthanum using a rotating microchannel extractor

Application of Activated Carbon Obtained from Spent Coffee Ground Wastes to Effective Terbium Recovery from Liquid Solutions

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About