Review of progresses on clinical applications of ion selective electrodes for electrolytic ion tests: from conventional ISEs to graphene-based ISEs

Abstract

There exist several positively and negatively charged electrolytes or ions in human blood, urine, and other body fluids. Tests that measure the concentration of these ions in clinics are performed using a more affordable, portable, and disposable potentiometric sensing method with few sample volumes, which requires the use of ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) and reference electrodes. This review summarily descriptively presents progressive developments and applications of ion selective electrodes in medical laboratory electrolytic ion tests, from conventional ISEs, solid-contact ISEs, carbon nanotube based ISEs, to graphene-based ISEs.

Why ammonium detection is particularly challenging but insightful with ionophore-based potentiometric sensors – an overview of the progress in the last 20 years

“…Moreover, ISEs are some of the few analytical techniques that provide in situ realtime measurements of the target concentration with total reliability. [1][2][3][4][5] Major examples that evidence the success of ISEs are the membrane-based design of a sensor and have been applied for ion determination mainly in water quality assessment, 1,6,7 clinical analyses, [8][9][10][11] and monitoring of sport practices. 2,[12][13][14] Looking back at the development history of ISEs, the integration of ion-selective membranes (ISMs) as the sensing element has undoubtedly been a disruptive event in this field.…”

Real Time Analysis of Bioanalytes in Healthcare, Food, Zoology and Botany

“…A potentiometric sensor provides detection of the concentration of the nutrients. Two Ag/AgCl ion-selective electrodes in the sensor form a working electrode and reference electrode pair to measure the electromotive force (EMF) between the pair [ 198 ]. The decrease in the concentration of the nutrients present in the growth medium causes a decrease in the EMF, which is quantified and recorded by an external electrochemical workstation.…”

Ion recognition properties of new pyridine-2,6-dicarboxamide bearing propeller-like pendant residues: multi-spectroscopic approach

“…We are convinced that the obtainment of a new ligand 1 and characterization of its complexation properties may be useful for many branches where molecular receptors find application e.g. in sensor technology [30,31], biomedical applications [32,33], catalysis [34,35], separation processes [36,37], and many others.…”