Review of Pre- and Post-1980 Buildings in CBECS - HVAC Equipment

Winiarski, David W.; Jiang, Wei; Halverson, Mark A.

doi:10.2172/1013959

Cited by 22 publications

(16 citation statements)

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“…A similar approach was adopted for the ratio of heating and cooling system types in the SBA model. We divided the heating and cooling systems of the U.S. schools into three categories of central-forced-air systems and ductless HVAC systems with and without air filters based on the U.S. Energy Information Administration, Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey [76,77]. The number of times that we selected each heating and cooling system type in the Monte-Carlo simulation was based on the ratio of the heating and cooling system type in the U.S. schools as summarized in Table 4.…”

Section: Developing a Nationwide Representative School Model For Measmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating the nationwide transmission risk of measles in US schools and impacts of vaccination and supplemental infection control strategies

et al. 2020

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Background: The spread of airborne infectious diseases such as measles is a critical public health concern. The U.S. was certified measles-free in 2000, but the number of measles cases has increased in recent years breaking the record of the nationwide annual number of cases since 1992. Although the characteristics of schools have made them one of the most vulnerable environments during infection outbreaks, the transmission risk of measles among students is not completely understood. We aimed to evaluate how three factors influence measles transmission in schools: personal (vaccination), social (compartmentalizing), and building systems (ventilation, purification, and filtration). Methods: We used a combination of a newly developed multi-zone transient Wells-Riley approach, a nationwide representative School Building Archetype (SBA) model, and a Monte-Carlo simulation to estimate measles risk among U.S. students. We compared our risk results with the range of reported transmission rates of measles in school outbreaks to validate the risk model. We also investigated the effectiveness of vaccination and ten supplemental infection control scenarios for reducing the risk of measles transmission among students. Results: Our best nationwide estimate of measles transmission risk in U.S. schools were 3.5 and 32% among all (both unvaccinated and immunized) and unvaccinated students, respectively. The results showed the transmission risk of measles among unvaccinated students is > 70 times higher than properly immunized ones. We also demonstrated that the transmission risk of measles in primary schools (assuming teacher self-contained classrooms) is less than secondary schools (assuming departmentalized systems). For building-level interventions, schools with ductless-with-air-filter and ductless-without-air-filter systems have the lowest and highest transmission risks of measles, respectively. Finally, our simulation showed that infection control strategies could cut the average number of infected cases among all students in half when a combination of advanced air filtration, ventilation, and purification was adopted in the modeled schools. Conclusions: Our results highlight the primary importance of vaccination for reducing the risk of measles transmission among students. Yet, additional and significant risk reduction can be achieved through compartmentalizing students and enhancing building ventilation and filtration systems.

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Section: Developing a Nationwide Representative School Model For Measmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating the nationwide transmission risk of measles in US schools and impacts of vaccination and supplemental infection control strategies

et al. 2020

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“…For the Monte-Carlo simulation, we culled the model variables from two decks of primary and secondary inputs with the same proportion as the ratio of primary and secondary educational institutions in the U.S. (i.e., 76.6% of iterations were from primary school inputs and 23.3% were from secondary school inputs) (66). A similar approach was adopted for the ratio of heating and cooling system types in the SBA model.…”

Section: Back Calculating Quanta Generation Ratementioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating the Nationwide Transmission Risk of Measles in US Schools and Impacts of Vaccination and Supplemental Infection Control Strategies

Azimi

Keshavarz

Laurent

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: The spread of airborne infectious diseases such as measles is a critical public health concern. The U.S. was certified measles-free in 2000, but the number of measles cases has increased in recent years breaking the record of the nationwide annual number of cases since 1992. Although the characteristics of schools have made them one of the most vulnerable environments during infection outbreaks, the transmission risk of measles among students is not completely understood. We aimed to evaluate how three factors influence measles transmission in schools: personal (vaccination), social (compartmentalizing), and building systems (ventilation, purification, and filtration). Methods: We used a combination of a newly developed multi-zone transient Wells-Riley approach, a nationwide representative School Building Archetype (SBA) model, and a Monte-Carlo simulation to estimate measles risk among U.S. students. We compared our risk results with the range of reported transmission rates of measles in school outbreaks to validate the risk model. We also investigated the effectiveness of vaccination and ten supplemental infection control scenarios for reducing the risk of measles transmission among students. Results: Our best nationwide estimate of measles transmission risk in U.S. schools were 3.5% and 32% among all (both unvaccinated and immunized) and unvaccinated students, respectively. The results showed the transmission risk of measles among unvaccinated students is >70 times higher than properly immunized ones. We also demonstrated that the transmission risk of measles in primary schools (assuming teacher self-contained classrooms) is less than secondary schools (assuming departmentalized systems). For building-level interventions, schools with ductless-with-air-filter and ductless-without-air-filter systems have the lowest and highest transmission risks of measles, respectively. Finally, our simulation showed that infection control strategies could cut the average number of infected cases among all students in half when a combination of advanced air filtration, ventilation, and purification was adopted in the modeled schools. Conclusions: Our results highlight the primary importance of vaccination for reducing the risk of measles transmission among students. Yet, additional and significant risk reduction can be achieved through compartmentalizing students and enhancing building ventilation and filtration systems.

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“…The heat pump was auto-sized based on the maximum cooling demand, providing the maximum capacity of the heat pump and the rated coefficient of performance (COP). The distribution of air terminals was one unit per occupied thermal zone considering a constant air volume [58]. According to EN 15251:2007 [59], heating and cooling set-point temperatures were set to 20 • C and 26 • C, respectively.…”

Section: Hvac Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cool Roof Impact on Building Energy Need: The Role of Thermal Insulation with Varying Climate Conditions

et al. 2019

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Cool roof effectiveness in improving building thermal-energy performance is affected by different variables. In particular, roof insulation level and climate conditions are key parameters influencing cool roofs benefits and whole building energy performance. This work aims at assessing the role of cool roof in the optimum roof configuration, i.e., combination of solar reflectance capability and thermal insulation level, in terms of building energy performance in different climate conditions worldwide. To this aim, coupled dynamic thermal-energy simulation and optimization analysis is carried out. In detail, multi-dimensional optimization of combined building roof thermal insulation and solar reflectance is developed to minimize building annual energy consumption for heating-cooling. Results highlight how a high reflectance roof minimizes annual energy need for a small standard office building in the majority of considered climates. Moreover, building energy performance is more sensitive to roof solar reflectance than thermal insulation level, except for the coldest conditions. Therefore, for the selected building, the optimum roof typology presents high solar reflectance capability (0.8) and no/low insulation level (0.00-0.03 m), except for extremely hot or cold climate zones. Accordingly, this research shows how the classic approach of super-insulated buildings should be reframed for the office case toward truly environmentally friendly buildings.

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Review of Pre- and Post-1980 Buildings in CBECS - HVAC Equipment

Cited by 22 publications

References 0 publications

Estimating the nationwide transmission risk of measles in US schools and impacts of vaccination and supplemental infection control strategies

Estimating the nationwide transmission risk of measles in US schools and impacts of vaccination and supplemental infection control strategies

Estimating the Nationwide Transmission Risk of Measles in US Schools and Impacts of Vaccination and Supplemental Infection Control Strategies

Cool Roof Impact on Building Energy Need: The Role of Thermal Insulation with Varying Climate Conditions

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