Review of Oxidation of Gasoline Surrogates and Its Components

Abstract

There has been considerable progress in the area of fuel surrogate development to emulate gasoline fuels’ oxidation properties. The current paper aims to review the relevant hydrocarbon group components used for the formulation of gasoline surrogates, review specific gasoline surrogates reported in the literature, outlining their utility and deficiencies, and identify the future research needs in the area of gasoline surrogates and kinetics model.

Oxidative Functionalization of Long-Chain Liquid Alkanes by Pulsed Plasma Discharges at Atmospheric Pressure

“…The chemical industry is in constant pursuit of green, efficient, and cost-effective routes to transform hydrocarbon molecules into value-added materials and chemicals . The functionalization of saturated hydrocarbons remains a major challenge in synthetic chemistry due to the low reactivity of C–H bonds and the preferential cleavage of C–C bonds attributable to lower bond energy. − Therefore, alkane oxidation at high temperatures is difficult to control and leads to overoxidized, carbon-cleaved, and low-value products, exploited for energy . The controlled oxidative transformation of alkanes to alcohols and carbonyl compounds is performed in most cases “indirectly”, for example, through alkane dehydrogenation and subsequent oxidation of the reactive olefins using traditional thermal and enzymatic oxidation methods. − These methods are often non-selective, inefficient, expensive and require harsh conditions, such as high temperatures, high pressures, and long treatment times.…”

“…2−4 Therefore, alkane oxidation at high temperatures is difficult to control and leads to overoxidized, carbon-cleaved, and low-value products, exploited for energy. 5 The controlled oxidative transformation of alkanes to alcohols and carbonyl compounds is performed in most cases "indirectly", for example, through alkane dehydrogenation and subsequent oxidation of the reactive olefins using traditional thermal and enzymatic oxidation methods. 6−9 These methods are often non-selective, inefficient, expensive and require harsh conditions, such as high temperatures, high pressures, and long treatment times.…”

A one-dimensional model for the motor oil-fuel dilution under gasoline engine boundary conditions

“…Then, the same engine is tested in two different conditions that have shown to reduce the LSPI frequency: a) the use of a higher oil viscosity grade [18], which is simulated by replacing the SAE 5W-30 properties with the SAE 10W-30 properties; b) the wall heating-up, which is simulated by increasing the temperature of the solid layer from 90 °C to 105 °C as tested in [6]. Focusing on the baseline, the 2-layer solution domain is composed by: i) the cylinder wall, which is modelled with 1 mm (maximum heat penetration depth) of cast iron; ii) the oil layer, which is modelled with 4 µm of the SAE 5W-30 synthetic oil, whose pseudo-pure liquid properties are calculated with the Simscape TM Thermal Liquid block [19]; iii) the RON93 gasoline liquid film, which is modelled with 20 µm of the pseudo-pure liquid resulted from the averaging of a four-component RON93 surrogate (40.7 mol% i-octane, 13 mol% n-heptane, 40.7 mol% toluene, 5.7 mol% 1-pentene) from [20], whose properties are calculated according to the temperature-dependent-correlations in [21] and with REFPROP 10.0 [22] by giving the name and the mass fraction of each of the four components (saturation pressure).…”

Nozzle tip wetting in gasoline direct injection injector and its link with nozzle internal flow

“…Another reason for utilizing n-heptane is because n-heptane has been historically used as a representative of the n-alkane group due to its octane number and its concentration in gasoline fuel gasoline, which can mimic the combustion characteristics of gasoline fuel, especially in low-temperature combustion regime. 29 This feature can also benefit to a link with the low-temperature combustion study in engines. Measurements were repeated five times at each testing condition and the shot-averaged results were obtained for the analysis below.…”