Review of Manganese Processing for Production of TRIP/TWIP Steels, Part 1: Current Practice and Processing Fundamentals

Pre-reduction Behaviour of Manganese Ores in H₂ and CO Containing Gases

“…The first part of each reduction curve is flat within the region from room temperature to 500°C because within this temperature range only evaporation of the water content and insignificant thermal decomposition of manganese dioxide occur as the theory stipulates. 4,8) In the course of reduction above 500°C, the ore shows a similar behaviour in different gas mixtures, which is the increase in mass loss with the increase of temperature. Figures 3 and 4 Tables 4 and 5 show the chemical analyses of Assmang ore reduced up to 1 000°C and 800°C respectively in gas mixtures of 50%CO/50%CO 2 , 41%CO/18%H 2 /41%CO 2 and 70%CO/30%CO 2 , 41%CO/41%H 2 /18%CO 2 .…”

“…With an estimated world production of 17 million tons in 2018, 1) manganese ores have been widely used in many fields, such as the steel industry and in medicine. Most of manganese alloys produced globally is used in the steel industry, [2][3][4][5][6][7] while only about 6% of manganese ore is worldwide used to produce special metallurgical and chemical products. Management of the energy consumption in manganese alloys has become of primary importance to ensure the competitiveness of the industry as well as the minimization of environmental impacts, such as the greenhouse gas emissions.…”

“…Elliott and colleagues 4) reported in their recent review experimental observations from an investigation conducted on a low-grade manganese ore using hydrogen as reducing agent in the temperature range of 800 to 950°C that an increase in H 2 partial pressure and temperature improved the reduction rate. No reduction beyond the formation of MnO was observed.…”

Review on the High-Temperature Thermophysical Properties of Continuous Casting Mold Fluxes for Highly Alloyed Steels

“…Actual reactions Adapted from published literature. [18][19][20]22,23,25,26) (Online version in color. )…”

“…[16][17][18][19] Figure 1(a) summarizes the tensile strength and elongation characteristics for highly alloyed steels, including high-Al, high-Mn, high-Mn with high-Al, and high-Ti steels. 20) High-Al transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) steels with Al above 1 wt% have gained broad interest due to their combination of high strength-to-weight ratio and excellent ductility. 21) However, during continuous casting, the chemical reaction between SiO 2 in the mold flux with dissolved Al in the steel increases the Al 2 O 3 to SiO 2 mass ratio (Al 2 O 3 / SiO 2 ), as shown in Fig.…”