Review of major shale-dominated detachment and thrust characteristics in the diagenetic zone: Part II, rock mechanics and microscopic scale

Morley, C.K.; Hagke, Christoph von; Hansberry, Rowan; Collins, Alan S.; Kanitpanyacharoen, Waruntorn; King, Robert G.

doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.09.015

Cited by 47 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 322 publications

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“…OM and clay minerals are frictionally weak relative to other common grains (e.g., quartz, feldspar, pyrite, and calcite). Some important deformation microstructures may be controlled by the content and mechanical properties of organic grains and clay minerals in shale [41][42][43]. Observations of our naturally deformed samples reveal that OM-clay aggregates within the shale matrix are common (Figure 11).…”

Section: Om-clay Aggregatesmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…We infer that such OM-clay aggregates can affect the preservation of organic carbon in marine black shale, perhaps especially in deformed shales. A large volume of literature has presented data on the preservation mechanism of organic carbon revealing that large amounts of the OM preserved in most shales are intimately associated with clay minerals [41][42][43][44][45]. Organic grains adsorb onto clay mineral surfaces or concentrate in interlayer or interparticle pores of clays.…”

Section: Om-clay Aggregatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tectonic and Thermal Controls on the Nano-Micro Structural Characteristic in a Cambrian Organic-Rich Shale

Zhu

Huang

et al. 2019

Minerals

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Until recently, the characteristics of nano-microscale structures in the naturally deformed, overmature, marine shales were poorly known. Thermally overmature Lujiaping shales in the complex tectonic area of the northeast part of the upper Yangtze area, China have experienced strong tectonic deformation and are considered as potentially important strata for shale gas exploration. Naturally deformed samples from the main source rocks are selected from the Lower Cambrian Lujiaping Formation in the Dabashan Thrust-fold Belt to investigate nanometer- to micrometer-sized structures. A combination of scanning electron microscope (SEM), low-pressure nitrogen adsorption (LPNA), and low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) suggests that the pore types are dominantly fracture-related pores with a lesser abundance of mineral-hosted pores. These two pore types account for the 90% of total pore space. Organic matter (OM)-hosted pores are rare and make up a small part of the pore systems (less than 10%) due to high thermal maturity and intensive tectonic compression. Overall, the Lujiaping deformed, overmature samples have abundant nanometer- to micrometer-sized inorganic pores. High-resolution SEM images provide direct evidence of the formation of nano- and microsized structures such as OM–clay aggregates and silica nanograins. OM–clay aggregates are commonly observed in samples, which also exhibit abundant open microfractures and interparticle pores. Quartz can occur as silica nanograins and botryoids typically 20–100 nm in size, which may influence porosity through the creation or occupying interparticle pore space.

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Section: Om-clay Aggregatesmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Om-clay Aggregatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tectonic and Thermal Controls on the Nano-Micro Structural Characteristic in a Cambrian Organic-Rich Shale

Zhu

Huang

et al. 2019

Minerals

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“…Since the dominant synkinematic clay mineral in the analyzed fault rocks are smectite and subsidiary interlayered illite-smectite clay, we use the smectite-illite clay mineral reaction to infer maximum/minimum temperature estimates for faulting events in NW Finnmark (Eberl et al, 1993;Huang et al, 1993;Morley et al, 2018). Synkinematic illite commonly grows due to illitization of smectite and, alternatively, due to dissolution-precipitation of existing clay minerals of the bedrock (Vrolijk and van der Pluijm, 1999).…”

Section: Temperature Constraints From Illite-smectite Clay Mineralsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Considering such a predominance of authigenic smectite in both non-cohesive and cohesive, iron-/clay-rich fault rocks (Fig. 3b, Table 1 and Appendix A), and assuming a complete diagenetic transformation of smectite into illite at approximately 105 • C (Morley et al, 2018) and a complete absence of authigenic illite at temperature < 35 • C (Eberl et al, 1993), we propose that clay-rich fault rocks along brittle faults in the Alta-Kvaenangen tectonic window formed at temperature conditions comprised between 35 and 105 • C (i.e., 1-3.5 km depth). Although cross-cutting relationships of calcite-rich cataclasite with quartz-and iron-/clay-rich fault rocks are unknown, the irreversibility of the diagenetic transformation of smectite into illite (Eberl et al, 1993) suggests that calcite-cemented cataclasite, which formed at 5-10 km depth, is older than the iron-/clay-rich (cohesive and non-cohesive) fault rocks, which formed at shallow depth 1-3.5 km.…”

Section: Evolution Of Temperature Conditions In Precambrian Rocksmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Neoproterozoic and post-Caledonian exhumation and shallow faulting in NW Finnmark from K–Ar dating and <i>p</i>∕<i>T</i> analysis of fault rocks

2018

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Abstract. Well-preserved fault gouge along brittle faults in Paleoproterozoic, volcano-sedimentary rocks of the Raipas Supergroup exposed in the Alta–Kvænangen tectonic window in northern Norway yielded latest Mesoproterozoic (approximately 1050 ± 15 Ma) to mid-Neoproterozoic (approximately 825–810 ± 18 Ma) K–Ar ages. Pressure–temperature estimates from microtextural and mineralogy analyses of fault rocks indicate that brittle faulting may have initiated at a depth of 5–10 km during the opening of the Asgard Sea in the latest Mesoproterozoic–early Neoproterozoic (approximately 1050–945 Ma) and continued with a phase of shallow faulting to the opening of the Iapetus Ocean–Ægir Sea and the initial breakup of Rodinia in the mid-Neoproterozoic (approximately 825–810 Ma). The predominance and preservation of synkinematic smectite and subsidiary illite in cohesive and non-cohesive fault rocks indicate that Paleoproterozoic basement rocks of the Alta–Kvænangen tectonic window remained at shallow crustal levels (< 3.5 km) and were not reactivated since mid-Neoproterozoic times. Slow exhumation rate estimates for the early–mid-Neoproterozoic (approximately 10–75 m Myr−1) suggest a period of tectonic quiescence between the opening of the Asgard Sea and the breakup of Rodinia. In the Paleozoic, basement rocks in NW Finnmark were overthrusted by Caledonian nappes along low-angle thrust detachments during the closing of the Iapetus Ocean–Ægir Sea. K–Ar dating of non-cohesive fault rocks and microtexture mineralogy of cohesive fault rock truncating Caledonian nappe units show that brittle (reverse) faulting potentially initiated along low-angle Caledonian thrusts during the latest stages of the Caledonian Orogeny in the Silurian (approximately 425 Ma) and was accompanied by epidote–chlorite-rich, stilpnomelane-bearing cataclasite (type 1) indicative of a faulting depth of 10–16 km. Caledonian thrusts were inverted (e.g., Talvik fault) and later truncated by high-angle normal faults (e.g., Langfjorden–Vargsundet fault) during subsequent, late Paleozoic, collapse-related widespread extension in the Late Devonian–early Carboniferous (approximately 375–325 Ma). This faulting period was accompanied by quartz- (type 2), calcite- (type 3) and laumontite-rich cataclasites (type 4), whose cross-cutting relationships indicate a progressive exhumation of Caledonian rocks to zeolite-facies conditions (i.e., depth of 2–8 km). An ultimate period of minor faulting occurred in the late Carboniferous–mid-Permian (315–265 Ma) and exhumed Caledonian rocks to shallow depth at 1–3.5 km. Alternatively, late Carboniferous (?) to early–mid-Permian K–Ar ages may reflect late Paleozoic weathering of the margin. Exhumation rates estimates indicate rapid Silurian–early Carboniferous exhumation and slow exhumation in the late Carboniferous–mid-Permian, supporting decreasing faulting activity from the mid-Carboniferous. NW Finnmark remained tectonically quiet in the Mesozoic–Cenozoic.

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The characteristics of crack existence and development during rock shear fracturing evolution

Liu

Zhang

et al. 2020

Bull Eng Geol Environ

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Review of major shale-dominated detachment and thrust characteristics in the diagenetic zone: Part II, rock mechanics and microscopic scale

Cited by 47 publications

References 322 publications

Tectonic and Thermal Controls on the Nano-Micro Structural Characteristic in a Cambrian Organic-Rich Shale

Tectonic and Thermal Controls on the Nano-Micro Structural Characteristic in a Cambrian Organic-Rich Shale

Neoproterozoic and post-Caledonian exhumation and shallow faulting in NW Finnmark from K–Ar dating and <i>p</i>∕<i>T</i> analysis of fault rocks

The characteristics of crack existence and development during rock shear fracturing evolution

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Review of major shale-dominated detachment and thrust characteristics in the diagenetic zone: Part II, rock mechanics and microscopic scale

Cited by 47 publications

References 322 publications

Tectonic and Thermal Controls on the Nano-Micro Structural Characteristic in a Cambrian Organic-Rich Shale

Tectonic and Thermal Controls on the Nano-Micro Structural Characteristic in a Cambrian Organic-Rich Shale

Neoproterozoic and post-Caledonian exhumation and shallow faulting in NW Finnmark from K–Ar dating and &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;∕&lt;i&gt;T&lt;/i&gt; analysis of fault rocks

The characteristics of crack existence and development during rock shear fracturing evolution

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Neoproterozoic and post-Caledonian exhumation and shallow faulting in NW Finnmark from K–Ar dating and <i>p</i>∕<i>T</i> analysis of fault rocks