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Invasive alien species (IAS) are a major global challenge requiring urgent action, and the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity (2011)(2012)(2013)(2014)(2015)(2016)(2017)(2018)(2019)(2020) of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) includes a target on the issue. Meeting the target requires an understanding of invasion patterns. However, national or regional analyses of invasions are limited to developed countries. We identified 488 IAS in China's terrestrial habitats, inland waters and marine ecosystems based on available literature and field work, including 171 animals, 265 plants, 26 fungi, 3 protists, 11 procaryots, and 12 viruses. Terrestrial plants account for 51.6% of the total number of IAS, and terrestrial invertebrates (104 species) for 21.3%. Of the total numbers, 67.9% of plant IAS and 34.8% of animal IAS were introduced intentionally. All other taxa were introduced unintentionally despite very few animal and plant species that invaded naturally. In terms of habitats, 64.3% of IAS occur on farmlands, 13.9% in forests, 8.4% in marine ecosystems, 7.3% in inland waters, and 6.1% in residential areas. Half of all IAS (51.1%) originate from North and South America, 18.3% from Europe, 17.3% from Asia not including China, 7.2% from Africa, 1.8% from Oceania, and the origin of the remaining 4.3% IAS is unknown. The distribution of IAS can be divided into three zones. Most IAS are distributed in coastal

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The synthesis of a gelled polymer electrolyte (GPE) using poly(ethylene glycol) blending poly(acrylonitrile) (i.e., PAN‐b‐PEG‐b‐PAN) as a host, dimethyl formamide (DMF) as a plasticizer and LiClO4 as an electrolytic salt for electric double layer capacitors (EDLCs) is reported. The PAN‐b‐PEG‐b‐PAN copolymer in the GPE has a linear configuration for high ionic conductivity and excellent compatibility with carbon electrodes. When assembling the GPE in a carbon‐based symmetric EDLC, the copolymer network facilitates ion motion by reducing the equivalent series resistance and Warburg resistance of the capacitor. This symmetric cell has a capacitance value of 101 F g−1 at 0.125 A g−1 and can deliver an energy level of 11.5 Wh kg−1 at a high power of 10 000 W kg−1 over a voltage window of 2.1 V. This cell shows superior stability, with little decay of specific capacitance after 30 000 galvanostatic charge‐discharge cycles. The distinctive merit of the GPE film is its adjustable mechanical integrity, which makes the roll‐to‐roll assembly of GPE‐based EDLCs readily scalable to industrial levels.

We have developed a general and highly efficient copper-catalyzed method for synthesis of quinazoline and quinazolinone derivatives, the target products were obtained in good to excellent yields via cascade reactions of amidine hydrochlorides with substituted 2-halobenzaldehydes, 2-halophenylketones, or methyl 2-halobenzoates, and the method is of simple, economical and practical advantages.

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Different results for the miscibility between poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and atactic poly(methyl methacrylate) (at-PMMA) have been reported. In this study, the interaction between PVDF and at-PMMA was confirmed, although such a kind of force was weak. With increasing PVDF weight fraction, the blends exhibited more heterogeneous properties, and the films thus appeared more opaque. The difference spectra after subtraction of PVDF and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) showed that the interaction between the carbonyl groups of PMMA and the hydrogen atoms of PVDF increased as the stretch vibration of CAO bonds band shifted to a lower frequency with higher PVDF content. From the computer analysis, the sum spectra of the blends could not be obtained by simple addition of the separate spectra of the homopolymers. The contact angle measurement demonstrated that the hydrophobicity against water increased with PVDF content and that contact angles against water were larger than 90°when the PVDF content exceeded 30%, indicating good water repellency. The contact angles against n-hexane, however, could not be measured because of the complete wetting of the film by n-hexane. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: [1][2][3][4][5] 2004