Review of low‐temperature lithium‐ion battery progress: New battery system design imperative

Abstract

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have become well-known electrochemical energy storage technology for portable electronic gadgets and electric vehicles in recent years. They are appealing for various grid applications due to their characteristics such as high energy density, high power, high efficiency, and minimal self-discharge. LIBs may now theoretically be tailored for a variety of operating circumstances and applications because of the ability to change the material properties of the electrodes and electrolytes. However, LIBs operating at low temperatures have significantly reduced capacity and power, or even do not work properly, which poses a technical barrier to market entry for hybrid electric vehicles, battery electric vehicles, and other portable devices. This review summarizes the state-of-art progress in electrode materials, separators, electrolytes, and charging/discharging performance for LIBs at low temperatures. Due to the sluggish kinetics, insufficient ionic conductivity at low temperatures, and sluggish desolvation, it became challenging to enhance the electrochemical performance of LIBs at reduced temperatures. This review recommends approaches to optimize the suitability of LIBs at low temperatures by employing solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs), using highly conductive anodes, focusing on improving commercial cathodes, and introducing lithiumrich materials into separators. Finally, we propose an integrated electrode design strategy to improve low-temperature LIB performance.

The potential application of the triboelectric nanogenerator in the new type futuristic power grid intelligent sensing

“…In these processes, an extensive and widely arranged large‐scale sensing network cannot be separated. However, the defects of the traditional battery‐powered power supply, such as high cost, large energy consumption, long‐term maintenance, environmental pollution caused by waste batteries, and inapplicability in some areas, limit the development of the new power grid and related technologies to a certain extent 10–13 . Therefore, overcoming the problems faced by sensors and equipment in special environments used in traditional power grids will undoubtedly greatly promote the rapid development of new power systems and related fields.…”

“…The numerous sensors' power consumption and energy supply issues are increasingly prominent. Suppose traditional batteries continue to be used to power these above sensors, in this case, it will not only bring about the issues of massive energy consumption, the need for regular maintenance, difficulty disposing of waste batteries, high cost of low‐temperature batteries, but also the charging and discharging capacity as well as the service life of batteries in the cold areas will be significantly reduced 10–13 . This is will inevitable and limits the development of the new power grid to a large extent.…”

Large-Scale Synthesis of Highly Porous CuO/Cu2O/Cu/Carbon Derived from Aerogels for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes

“…At present, the widely studied new-generation lithium-ion battery anode materials can be divided into three categories based on their mechanisms: carbon-based (graphite, soft carbon, and hard carbon) and titanium-based (Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 and TiO 2 ) anode materials with reversible de/intercalation mechanisms; silicon-based (Si) and tin-based (Sn) anode materials with an alloying mechanism; transition metal oxides, sulfide, phosphide, and other anode materials with a conversion reaction mechanism. − Transition metal oxides have become one of the main candidates for the new generation of lithium-ion battery anode materials due to their relatively high theoretical specific capacity, abundant resources, easy processing, and low cost. − Particularly, CuO and Cu 2 O have attracted more attention due to their low price and environmental friendliness. However, their practical applications are also hindered by some drawbacks, such as lower conductivity and larger specific volume change, leading to poor dynamic performance and large capacity loss in electrochemical cycles.…”

Lithium-ion batteries for low-temperature applications: Limiting factors and solutions

“…Piao et al focused more on heating techniques and thermal management to control the external reaction temperature [21]. The most recent reviews dissected the Li + transport/diffusion in electrolyte, solid electrode and their interphase, temperature-dependent limitating factors and challenges of lithium batteries, and offered their strategies to make an improvement [22][23][24][25][26][27].…”