Review of green and low-carbon ironmaking technology

Zhao, Jun; Zuo, Haibin; Wang, Yajie; Wang, Jingsong; Xue, Qingguo

doi:10.1080/03019233.2019.1639029

Cited by 103 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 43 publications

(76 reference statements)

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“…The replacement of the BF by smelting reduction processes like the COREX or FINEX process would raise slightly the CO 2 footprint due to the high consumption of fossil coal. An ecologically favorable operation of smelting reduction processes only could be realized by the use of CCS or CCU [8,16,18]. The use of a smelting reduction technology based on bath-smelting (HISARNA-CCS/U and EAF) in combination with CCS would reduce the CO 2 emissions up to 80% [7,16].…”

Section: Comparison Of Iron and Steelmaking Routes Regarding Their Co 2 Footprintmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The COURSE50 program [8,16,17] is focused on H 2 -based reducing agents in blast furnace (BF) for decreasing the fossil coke consumption and technologies for capturing, separating, and recovering CO 2 from the BF gas. POSCO [8,16,18] in Korea is working on the adaptation of CCS and CCU to smelting reduction processes, like the FINEX and COREX process. Furthermore, POSCO is researching in bio-slag utilization, pre-reduction and heat recovery of hot sinter, CO 2 absorption using ammonia scrubber, hydrogen production out of coke-oven gas (COG), and iron ore reduction using hydrogen-enriched syngas.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of biomass-based production of below zero emission reducing gas for the iron and steel industry

Hammerschmid

Müller

Fuchs

et al. 2020

Biomass Conv. Bioref.

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The present paper focuses on the production of a below zero emission reducing gas for use in raw iron production. The biomass-based concept of sorption-enhanced reforming combined with oxyfuel combustion constitutes an additional opportunity for selective separation of CO2. First experimental results from the test plant at TU Wien (100 kW) have been implemented. Based on these results, it could be demonstrated that the biomass-based product gas fulfills all requirements for the use in direct reduction plants and a concept for the commercial-scale use was developed. Additionally, the profitability of the below zero emission reducing gas concept within a techno-economic assessment is investigated. The results of the techno-economic assessment show that the production of biomass-based reducing gas can compete with the conventional natural gas route, if the required oxygen is delivered by an existing air separation unit and the utilization of the separated CO2 is possible. The production costs of the biomass-based reducing gas are in the range of natural gas-based reducing gas and twice as high as the production of fossil coke in a coke oven plant. The CO2 footprint of a direct reduction plant fed with biomass-based reducing gas is more than 80% lower compared with the conventional blast furnace route and could be even more if carbon capture and utilization is applied. Therefore, the biomass-based production of reducing gas could definitely make a reasonable contribution to a reduction of fossil CO2 emissions within the iron and steel sector in Austria.

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Section: Comparison Of Iron and Steelmaking Routes Regarding Their Co 2 Footprintmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of biomass-based production of below zero emission reducing gas for the iron and steel industry

Hammerschmid

Müller

Fuchs

et al. 2020

Biomass Conv. Bioref.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The European ULCOS program, COURSE50 in Japan, the POSCO program in Korea, the Australian CO 2 Breakthrough Program (CO2BTP, ISP), and the AISI CO 2 Breakthrough Program in North America as renowned examples [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]. In addition, comparable projects have been reported in China, India, and Taiwan [13,17,[31][32][33][34]. Without going into details of the programs, the main improvements that could have a potential influence on the reduction of CO 2 emissions are summarized below: The applicability of these technologies has been tested at least in pilot scale, and some represent well-established technologies (e.g., CDQ, TRT).…”

Section: Potential Means To Mitigate Co 2 Emissions In Ore-based Prodmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With regard to iron and steel production, CO 2 capture has been examined widely and tested but not yet widely deployed. Different techniques have been scrutinized to capture CO 2 from blast furnace gas by applying chemical absorption or physical absorption/adsorption [21,22,25,31,[37][38][39][59][60][61][62]. In addition, CO 2 capture from the "end of pipe" off-gas of the whole plant has been examined.…”

Section: Potential Means To Reduce Emissions By Co 2 Capturing and Stmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A General Vision for Reduction of Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions from the Steel Industry

Holappa

2020

Metals

123

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The 2018 IPCC (The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s) report defined the goal to limit global warming to 1.5 °C by 2050. This will require “rapid and far-reaching transitions in land, energy, industry, buildings, transport, and cities”. The challenge falls on all sectors, especially energy production and industry. In this regard, the recent progress and future challenges of greenhouse gas emissions and energy supply are first briefly introduced. Then, the current situation of the steel industry is presented. Steel production is predicted to grow by 25–30% by 2050. The dominant iron-making route, blast furnace (BF), especially, is an energy-intensive process based on fossil fuel consumption; the steel sector is thus responsible for about 7% of all anthropogenic CO2 emissions. In order to take up the 2050 challenge, emissions should see significant cuts. Correspondingly, specific emissions (t CO2/t steel) should be radically decreased. Several large research programs in big steelmaking countries and the EU have been carried out over the last 10–15 years or are ongoing. All plausible measures to decrease CO2 emissions were explored here based on the published literature. The essential results are discussed and concluded. The specific emissions of “world steel” are currently at 1.8 t CO2/t steel. Improved energy efficiency by modernizing plants and adopting best available technologies in all process stages could decrease the emissions by 15–20%. Further reductions towards 1.0 t CO2/t steel level are achievable via novel technologies like top gas recycling in BF, oxygen BF, and maximal replacement of coke by biomass. These processes are, however, waiting for substantive industrialization. Generally, substituting hydrogen for carbon in reductants and fuels like natural gas and coke gas can decrease CO2 emissions remarkably. The same holds for direct reduction processes (DR), which have spread recently, exceeding 100 Mt annual capacity. More radical cut is possible via CO2 capture and storage (CCS). The technology is well-known in the oil industry; and potential applications in other sectors, including the steel industry, are being explored. While this might be a real solution in propitious circumstances, it is hardly universally applicable in the long run. More auspicious is the concept that aims at utilizing captured carbon in the production of chemicals, food, or fuels e.g., methanol (CCU, CCUS). The basic idea is smart, but in the early phase of its application, the high energy-consumption and costs are disincentives. The potential of hydrogen as a fuel and reductant is well-known, but it has a supporting role in iron metallurgy. In the current fight against climate warming, H2 has come into the “limelight” as a reductant, fuel, and energy storage. The hydrogen economy concept contains both production, storage, distribution, and uses. In ironmaking, several research programs have been launched for hydrogen production and reduction of iron oxides. Another global trend is the transfer from fossil fuel to electricity. “Green” electricity generation and hydrogen will be firmly linked together. The electrification of steel production is emphasized upon in this paper as the recycled scrap is estimated to grow from the 30% level to 50% by 2050. Finally, in this review, all means to reduce specific CO2 emissions have been summarized. By thorough modernization of production facilities and energy systems and by adopting new pioneering methods, “world steel” could reach the level of 0.4–0.5 t CO2/t steel and thus reduce two-thirds of current annual emissions.

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The Fate of Water in Hydrogen‐Based Iron Oxide Reduction

et al. 2023

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Gas–solid reactions are important for many redox processes that underpin the energy and sustainability transition. The specific case of hydrogen‐based iron oxide reduction is the foundation to render the global steel industry fossil‐free, an essential target as iron production is the largest single industrial emitter of carbon dioxide. This perception of gas–solid reactions has not only been limited by the availability of state‐of‐the‐art techniques which can delve into the structure and chemistry of reacted solids, but one continues to miss an important reaction partner that defines the thermodynamics and kinetics of gas phase reactions: the gas molecules. In this investigation, cryogenic‐atom probe tomography is used to study the quasi in situ evolution of iron oxide in the solid and gas phases of the direct reduction of iron oxide by deuterium gas at 700°C. So far several unknown atomic‐scale characteristics are observed, including, D2 accumulation at the reaction interface; formation of a core (wüstite)‐shell (iron) structure; inbound diffusion of D through the iron layer and partitioning of D among phases and defects; outbound diffusion of oxygen through the wüstite and/or through the iron to the next free available inner/outer surface; and the internal formation of heavy nano‐water droplets at nano‐pores.

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Review of green and low-carbon ironmaking technology

Cited by 103 publications

References 43 publications

Evaluation of biomass-based production of below zero emission reducing gas for the iron and steel industry

Evaluation of biomass-based production of below zero emission reducing gas for the iron and steel industry

A General Vision for Reduction of Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions from the Steel Industry

The Fate of Water in Hydrogen‐Based Iron Oxide Reduction

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