Review of fire structural modelling of polymer composites

Mouritz, A.P.; Feih, S.; Kandare, Everson; Mathys, Z.; Gibson, A.G.; Jardin, P.E. Des; Case, Scott W.; Lattimer, Brian Y.

doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2009.09.001

Cited by 249 publications

(181 citation statements)

References 92 publications

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“…In the newest large commercial airliners the fuselage, the wings and the empennage are also made of carbon fibre reinforced composites. In case of fire, the health risk is not the only danger; also the decrease of mechanical properties can be significant [3]- [5]. Due to environmental reasons, the use of halogencontaining flame retardants needs to be decreased.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of additive and reactive phosphorus-based flame retardants in epoxy resins

Szolnoki

Toldy

Konrád

et al. 2013

Per. Pol. Chem. Eng.

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The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of phosphorus-based additive and reactive flame retardants (FR) on the flammability and mechanical properties of a pentaerythritol-based model epoxy resin system cured with a cycloaliphatic diamine hardener. Commercially available ammonium polyphosphate (APP) was used as additive and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenantrene-10-oxide IntroductionEpoxy resins are extensively used in various industrial application fields as, for example, adhesives, surface coatings, laminates and matrix materials. Despite their exceptional characteristics like prominent adhesion to many substrates; moisture, solvent and chemical resistance; low shrinkage on cure; outstanding mechanical and electronic resistant properties, their flammability can still limit their application. The heat exchange during polymerization is also influences the potential fields of application [1]. The use of structural units made of composites of high mechanical loading capability, being suitable for replacing metallic structures, is rapidly increasing in the aircraft industry [2]. In the newest large commercial airliners the fuselage, the wings and the empennage are also made of carbon fibre reinforced composites. In case of fire, the health risk is not the only danger; also the decrease of mechanical properties can be significant [3]- [5]. Due to environmental reasons, the use of halogencontaining flame retardants needs to be decreased. Their most promising substitutes are the phosphorus-containing flame retardants owing to their extremely wide and versatile range, since the P element exists in various oxidation states [6]- [9]. The fire retarded epoxy resins with conventional additives are usually of poorer physical/mechanical properties than the unmodified ones; therefore the use of reactive comonomers is preferred in many cases. A great advantage of the reactive flame retardants is that they are chemically bound to the matrix, so their release to the environment is blocked, thus we can avoid the formation of FR-containing wastewaters [10]. However, incorporating them into the polymer structure several properties of the material generally decrease. The greatest challenge for the current research works is to create a composite system with optimal balance of mechanical performance and flame retardancy.Ammonium polyphosphate (APP), an additive-type flame retardant, with high phosphorus (31-32 wt%) and nitrogen (14-15 wt%) content, is extensively used in thermoplastic polymers, such as polypropylene [11, 12], ethylene-vinyl-acetate [13], polyurea [14], polylactide [15], etc. The literature deals with the application of APP in aromatic epoxy resins, mainly in diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A (DGEBA), however

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of additive and reactive phosphorus-based flame retardants in epoxy resins

Szolnoki

Toldy

Konrád

et al. 2013

Per. Pol. Chem. Eng.

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“…When subjected to fire, FRP composites undergo many complex thermal, physical, chemical, and structural failure processes [35]. The challenge to accurately modeling the temperature responses is to consider complex interaction of degradation processes.…”

Section: Modeling Assumptionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…where p is the apparent specific capacity, which increases due to endothermic phenomenon during decomposition process [35]; p,b and p,a are apparent specific capacity before and after decomposition respectively; d is decomposition heat; and b is mass fraction of undecomposed FRP materials, which can be calculated by [28] …”

Section: Thermophysical Properties Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two-Dimensional Modeling of Thermomechanical Responses of Rectangular GFRP Profiles Exposed to Fire

Zhang

Liu

Sun

et al. 2017

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

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In the past three decades, one-dimensional (1D) thermal model was usually used to estimate the thermal responses of glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) materials and structures. However, the temperature gradient and mechanical degradation of whole cross sections cannot be accurately evaluated. To address this issue, a two-dimensional (2D) thermomechanical model was developed to predict the thermal and mechanical responses of rectangular GFRP tubes subjected to one-side ISO-834 fire exposure in this paper. The 2D governing heat transfer equations with thermal boundary conditions, discretized by alternating direction implicit (ADI) method, were solved by Gauss-Seidel iterative approach. Then the temperature-dependent mechanical responses were obtained by considering the elastic modulus degradation from glass transition and decomposition of resin. The temperatures and midspan deflections of available experimental results can be reasonably predicted. The overestimation of deflections could be attributed to the underestimation of bending stiffness. This model can also be extended to simulate the thermomechanical responses of beams and columns subjected to multiside fire loading, which may occur in real fire scenarios.

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“…The displaced reinforcement foam damaged Columbia's left reinforced carbon-carbon (RCC) panels thereby causing the unfortunate accident. This incident paves way for a detailed research to enhance impact tolerances, thermal resistance, and fracture toughness of the RCC panels [3]. Polymer nanocomposites are the three phase composite systems invented by Toyota research group, wherein nanosize particles, dispersed in the two phase fiber reinforced composites, exhibit enhanced structural rigidity and ablation resistance [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hybrid Carbon-Carbon Ablative Composites for Thermal Protection in Aerospace

Sanoj

Kandasubramanian

2014

Journal of Composites

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Composite materials have been steadily substituting metals and alloys due to their better thermomechanical properties. The successful application of composite materials for high temperature zones in aerospace applications has resulted in extensive exploration of cost effective ablative materials. High temperature heat shielding to body, be it external or internal, has become essential in the space vehicles. The heat shielding primarily protects the substrate material from external kinetic heating and the internal insulation protects the subsystems and helps to keep coefficient of thermal expansion low. The external temperature due to kinetic heating may increase to about maximum of 500 ∘ C for hypersonic reentry space vehicles while the combustion chamber temperatures in case of rocket and missile engines range between 2000 ∘ C and 3000 ∘ C. Composite materials of which carbon-carbon composites or the carbon allotropes are the most preferred material for heat shielding applications due to their exceptional chemical and thermal resistance.

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Review of fire structural modelling of polymer composites

Cited by 249 publications

References 92 publications

Comparison of additive and reactive phosphorus-based flame retardants in epoxy resins

Comparison of additive and reactive phosphorus-based flame retardants in epoxy resins

Two-Dimensional Modeling of Thermomechanical Responses of Rectangular GFRP Profiles Exposed to Fire

Hybrid Carbon-Carbon Ablative Composites for Thermal Protection in Aerospace

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